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Health Stats: compare key data on China & Japan

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STAT China Japan HISTORY
Birth rate > Crude > Per 1,000 people 12.22 per 1,000 people
Ranked 139th. 45% more than Japan
8.41 per 1,000 people
Ranked 178th.

Births and maternity > Average age of mother at childbirth 28.4
Ranked 15th.
30.6
Ranked 13th. 8% more than China

Births and maternity > Future births 10,854.24
Ranked 3rd. 14 times more than Japan
752.78
Ranked 37th.

Births and maternity > Total fertility rate 1.88%
Ranked 78th. 2% more than Japan
1.85%
Ranked 118th.

Diseases > Cancer > Cancer death rate (per 100,000 population) 143
Ranked 59th. 19% more than Japan
120
Ranked 117th.
Hospital beds > Per 1,000 people 2.45 per 1,000 people
Ranked 2nd.
14.3 per 1,000 people
Ranked 1st. 6 times more than China

Life expectancy > Men 72 years
Ranked 19th.
80 years
Ranked 4th. 11% more than China
Life expectancy at birth > Total population 74.68 years
Ranked 92nd.
82.25 years
Ranked 5th. 10% more than China

Life expectancy at birth, female > Years 76.36
Ranked 98th.
85.9
Ranked 3rd. 12% more than China

Life expectancy at birth, male > Years 73.78
Ranked 54th.
79.44
Ranked 11th. 8% more than China

Life expectancy at birth, total > Years 75.04
Ranked 67th.
82.59
Ranked 4th. 10% more than China

Physicians > Per 1,000 people 1.51 per 1,000 people
Ranked 1st.
2 per 1,000 people
Ranked 37th. 32% more than China

Probability of reaching 65 > Male 70.9%
Ranked 51st.
84%
Ranked 5th. 18% more than China
Quality of health care system > Cost 57.14
Ranked 33th.
80.56
Ranked 1st. 41% more than China
Quality of health care system > Health care system index 62.33
Ranked 29th.
85.03
Ranked 1st. 36% more than China
Infant mortality rate > Total 16.06 deaths/1,000 live births
Ranked 109th. 6 times more than Japan
2.78 deaths/1,000 live births
Ranked 212th.

Deaths > Percent deaths registered <25 90-100
Fertility rate > Total > Births per woman 1.81 births per woman
Ranked 130th. 44% more than Japan
1.26 births per woman
Ranked 169th.

Infant mortality rate 25.28
Ranked 81st. 8 times more than Japan
3.28
Ranked 177th.
HIV AIDS > People living with HIV AIDS > Per capita 0.652 per 1,000 people
Ranked 76th. 7 times more than Japan
0.094 per 1,000 people
Ranked 94th.

Births and maternity > Infant mortality rate 12.1
Ranked 121st. 5 times more than Japan
2.2
Ranked 190th.

Life expectancy > Women 76 years
Ranked 30th.
87 years
Ranked 1st. 14% more than China
Quality of health care system > Skill and competence of medical staff 59.52
Ranked 34th.
87.5
Ranked 1st. 47% more than China
Quality of health care system > Short waiting times 54.76
Ranked 23th.
83.33
Ranked 1st. 52% more than China
Health services > Hospital beds > Per 1,000 people 2.23
Ranked 70th.
13.98
Ranked 1st. 6 times more than China

Diseases > Overweight > Average Body Mass Index (BMI) 22.86
Ranked 123th. 4% more than Japan
21.93
Ranked 143th.
HIV AIDS > People living with HIV AIDS 740,000
Ranked 13th. 91 times more than Japan
8,100
Ranked 105th.

Adolescent fertility rate > Births per 1,000 women ages 15-19 4.83 births
Ranked 175th. 32% more than Japan
3.65 births
Ranked 178th.

Probability of reaching 65 > Female 79.4%
Ranked 65th.
92.1%
Ranked 1st. 16% more than China
Quality of health care system > Modern equipment 89.47
Ranked 23th. 1% more than Japan
88.89
Ranked 1st.
Expenditure per capita > Current US$ 70.51$
Ranked 113th.
2,831.1$
Ranked 19th. 40 times more than China

Health expenditure per capita > Current US$ $278.02
Ranked 101st.
$3,958.47
Ranked 16th. 14 times more than China

Births and maternity > Teenage birth rate 6.2
Ranked 75th. 35% more than Japan
4.6
Ranked 15th.

Quality of health care system > Accuracy and completeness in filling out reports 61.25
Ranked 31st.
86.11
Ranked 1st. 41% more than China
Diseases > Incidence of tuberculosis > Per 100,000 people 73
Ranked 85th. 4 times more than Japan
19
Ranked 142nd.

Births and maternity > Crude birth rate 11.9
Ranked 13th. 42% more than Japan
8.4
Ranked 52nd.

Births and maternity > Maternal death rate 37 per 100,000 live births
Ranked 111th. 7 times more than Japan
5 per 100,000 live births
Ranked 169th.

Maternal mortality 55 per 100,000
Ranked 79th. 7 times more than Japan
8 per 100,000
Ranked 118th.
Health services > Physicians > Per 1,000 people 1.51
Ranked 19th.
2.12
Ranked 16th. 40% more than China

Services, etc., value added > Current LCU per capita 17,148.69
Ranked 65th.
2.66 million
Ranked 12th. 155 times more than China

Death rates > Children under 5 19.1
Ranked 98th. 6 times more than Japan
3.3
Ranked 174th.

Death rates > Women 89.49
Ranked 104th. 2 times more than Japan
43.31
Ranked 157th.

Quality of health care system > Speed in delivering examinations and reports 66.25
Ranked 18th.
88.89
Ranked 1st. 34% more than China
Death rates > Men 149.18
Ranked 107th. 71% more than Japan
87.38
Ranked 149th.

HIV AIDS > Deaths 26,000
Ranked 14th. 52 times more than Japan
500
Ranked 72nd.

Quality of health care system > Friendliness and courtesy of staff 48.75
Ranked 41st.
83.33
Ranked 1st. 71% more than China
Nutrition > Depth of hunger > Kilocalories per person per day 250
Ranked 39th. 19% more than Japan
210
Ranked 63th.

Tobacco > Total adult smokers 35.6%
Ranked 30th. 8% more than Japan
33.1%
Ranked 44th.
Births and maternity > Number of births 16.04 million
Ranked 1st. 15 times more than Japan
1.07 million
Ranked 6th.

Life expectancy at birth > Total > Years 71.83 years
Ranked 79th.
82.08 years
Ranked 1st. 14% more than China

HIV AIDS > Deaths > Per capita 0.034 per 1,000 people
Ranked 68th. 9 times more than Japan
0.004 per 1,000 people
Ranked 73th.

Life expectancy > Male 71.45
Ranked 66th.
79.29
Ranked 4th. 11% more than China

Nurses and midwives > Per 1,000 people 1.66
Ranked 16th.
4.14
Ranked 59th. 2 times more than China

Quality of health care system > Convenient location 66.67
Ranked 40th.
86.11
Ranked 1st. 29% more than China
Services, etc., value added > Current LCU 23.16 trillion
Ranked 13th.
339.72 trillion
Ranked 4th. 15 times more than China

HIV AIDS > People living with HIV AIDS per 1000 0.556
Ranked 116th. 9 times more than Japan
0.0635
Ranked 130th.

Death rates > Infants 16.6
Ranked 98th. 7 times more than Japan
2.4
Ranked 176th.

Life expectancy at birth > Female 76.94 years
Ranked 104th.
85.72 years
Ranked 4th. 11% more than China

Life expectancy > Female 74.89
Ranked 92nd.
86.05
Ranked 1st. 15% more than China

Births and maternity > Maternity leave > Weeks of leave given 18
Ranked 136th.
60
Ranked 43th. 3 times more than China
Per capita total expenditure on health in international dollars 261
Ranked 98th.
2,133
Ranked 20th. 8 times more than China
Spending > Per person 40
Ranked 88th.
2,243
Ranked 9th. 56 times more than China
Diseases > HIV AIDS > Prevalance > 15-49 year old > Both sexes 0.1%
Ranked 127th. The same as Japan
0.1%
Ranked 124th.

Diseases > Measles > Children immunised against measles 99%
Ranked 14th. 5% more than Japan
94%
Ranked 88th.

Life expectancy at birth > Male 72.68 years
Ranked 84th.
78.96 years
Ranked 10th. 9% more than China

Life expectancy at birth > Female > Years 73.69 years
Ranked 93th.
85.63 years
Ranked 1st. 16% more than China

Healthy life expectancy at birth > Years > Total population 64.1
Ranked 53th.
75
Ranked 1st. 17% more than China
Life expectancy > 95 percent range (78.00-80.00) (85.80-85.90)
Diseases > Cardiovascular death rate (per 100,000 population) 279
Ranked 126th. 3 times more than Japan
103
Ranked 189th.
Diseases > Obesity > Female obesity rate 3%
Ranked 11th. The same as Japan
3%
Ranked 12th.
Health services > Nurses and midwives > Per 1,000 people 0.96
Ranked 11th.
9.47
Ranked 5th. 10 times more than China
Health spending per capita 108.46
Ranked 116th.
2,750.8
Ranked 24th. 25 times more than China

Diseases > Overweight > Female Body Mass Index (BMI) 21.93
Ranked 119th. 8% more than Japan
20.34
Ranked 162nd.
Life expectancy at birth > Male > Years 70.07 years
Ranked 73th.
78.69 years
Ranked 4th. 12% more than China

Tuberculosis cases > Per 100,000 107
Ranked 51st. 5 times more than Japan
21
Ranked 112th.
Deaths > Deaths from injuries (per 100,000 population) 73
Ranked 86th. 87% more than Japan
39
Ranked 144th.
HIV AIDS > Deaths per 1000 0.0195
Ranked 65th. 5 times more than Japan
0.00391
Ranked 72nd.

Survival rate > To age 65 > Men 75.58
Ranked 63th.
87.27
Ranked 7th. 15% more than China

Drug access 80%
Ranked 68th.
95%
Ranked 12th. 19% more than China
Infant mortality > Female babies 31.9 deaths per 1000 live births
Ranked 78th. 11 times more than Japan
3 deaths per 1000 live births
Ranked 191st.

Deaths > Noncommunicable disease mortality rate 627
Ranked 115th. 2 times more than Japan
284
Ranked 187th.
Survival rate > To age 65 > Women 82.67
Ranked 80th.
94.49
Ranked 1st. 14% more than China

Health services > Health expenditure per capita > PPP > Constant 2005 international $ $233.29
Ranked 108th.
$2,696.16
Ranked 25th. 12 times more than China

Life expectancy at birth > Years > Total population 71
Ranked 75th.
82
Ranked 1st. 15% more than China
Diseases > Overweight > Male Body Mass Index (BMI) 23.78
Ranked 116th. 1% more than Japan
23.52
Ranked 121st.
Tobacco > Total adult smokers per million 0.0273%
Ranked 113th.
0.259%
Ranked 108th. 9 times more than China
Births and maternity > Number of births per thousand people 11.93
Ranked 12th. 42% more than Japan
8.41
Ranked 48th.

Intestinal diseases death rate 5.08%
Ranked 90th. 6 times more than Japan
0.88%
Ranked 112th.
Incidence of tuberculosis > Per 100,000 people 100.26 per 100,000 people
Ranked 79th. 4 times more than Japan
28.16 per 100,000 people
Ranked 132nd.

Diseases > Obesity > Obesity rate (men) 3.4%
Ranked 14th. 3% more than Japan
3.3%
Ranked 9th.
Life expectancy > Inequality adjusted index 0.731
Ranked 82nd.
0.965
Ranked 1st. 32% more than China
Deaths > Early death rate (probability of dying beetween 15 and 60 years) > Both sexes 85
Ranked 139th. 93% more than Japan
44
Ranked 187th.

Dependency ratio per 100 43
Ranked 155th.
49
Ranked 129th. 14% more than China
Medical staff > Dental staff (per 10,000 people) 1 7
Smoking rate > Women 4
Ranked 85th.
13
Ranked 56th. 3 times more than China
Diseases > Tuberculosis cases 465,877
Ranked 2nd. 49 times more than Japan
9,433
Ranked 35th.
Births and maternity > Births attended by skill personnel 99.6%
Ranked 12th.
100%
Ranked 5th. About the same as China

Diseases > Leprosy cases 1,528
Ranked 11th. 139 times more than Japan
11
Ranked 67th.
Infant mortality rate > Female 16.57 deaths/1,000 live births
Ranked 99th. 6 times more than Japan
2.58 deaths/1,000 live births
Ranked 212th.

Tobacco > Male smoking rate 59.5
Ranked 9th. 34% more than Japan
44.3
Ranked 34th.
Diseases > HIV AIDS > Number living with HIV AIDS > Aged over 15 650000 17000
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > Rape or incest Legal Legal
Births and maternity > Maternity leave > Proportion of wages paid 100%
Ranked 41st. 3 times more than Japan
30%
Ranked 167th.
Life expectancy > Date of information 2006 est. 2006 est.
Tobacco > Female smoking rate 3.7
Ranked 94th.
14.3
Ranked 55th. 4 times more than China
Reproductive health > Maternal mortality ratio > Modeled estimate > Per 100,000 live births 38
Ranked 101st. 6 times more than Japan
6
Ranked 155th.

Healthy life expectancy at birth > Years > Females 65.2
Ranked 59th.
77.7
Ranked 1st. 19% more than China
Deaths > Early death rate (probability of dying beetween 15 and 60 years) > Males 85
Ranked 139th. 93% more than Japan
44
Ranked 187th.

Diseases > Tuberculosis cases per million people 353.5
Ranked 58th. 5 times more than Japan
73.83
Ranked 125th.
Diseases > Obesity > Obesity rate (women) 3.4%
Ranked 14th. 3% more than Japan
3.3%
Ranked 9th.
Diseases > Obesity > Male obesity rate 2%
Ranked 10th.
3%
Ranked 5th. 50% more than China
Healthy life expectancy at birth > Years > Males 63.1
Ranked 46th.
72.3
Ranked 1st. 15% more than China
Reproductive health > Lifetime risk of maternal death > 1 in > Rate varies by country 1,500
Ranked 59th.
12,200
Ranked 7th. 8 times more than China
Children living with AIDS per 1000 0.00155
Ranked 79th. 80% more than Japan
0.000861
Ranked 80th.
Births and maternity > Future births per million people 13.06
Ranked 137th. 51% more than Japan
8.67
Ranked 188th.

Spending > Public 2.1% (1999) 5.7%
Disease prevention > Tuberculosis case detection rate > All forms 74.99%
Ranked 102nd.
86.96%
Ranked 48th. 16% more than China

Total fertility rate 1.8
Ranked 133th. 38% more than Japan
1.3
Ranked 157th.
Births and maternity > Maternity leave > Provider Social insurance  1/8 National Treasury, 7/8 Employment Insurance Fund
Infant mortality > Male babies 20.4 deaths per 1000 live births
Ranked 113th. 6 times more than Japan
3.4 deaths per 1000 live births
Ranked 192nd.

Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > To preserve mental health Legal Illegal
Children living with AIDS 2,000
Ranked 46th. 18 times more than Japan
110
Ranked 79th.
Life expectancy at birth > Years > Females 73
Ranked 84th.
85
Ranked 1st. 16% more than China
Deaths > Early death rate (probability of dying beetween 15 and 60 years) > Females 85
Ranked 139th. 93% more than Japan
44
Ranked 187th.

Respiratory disease child death rate 62.56 (est) 1.52
Life expectancy > Centenarians per 100,000 people 3.63
Ranked 32nd.
34.85
Ranked 1st. 10 times more than China
Diseases > HIV AIDS > Number living with HIV AIDS > Women > Aged above 14 180000 9900
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > On request Legal Illegal
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > Economic or social reasons Legal Legal
Diseases > Leprosy cases per million people 1.16
Ranked 76th. 13 times more than Japan
0.0861
Ranked 83th.
Probability of dying before 5 > Females 44 per 1,000 people
Ranked 81st. 11 times more than Japan
4 per 1,000 people
Ranked 184th.
Per capita government expenditure on health in international dollars 88
Ranked 121st.
1,742
Ranked 17th. 20 times more than China
Spending > Private 3%
Ranked 37th. 88% more than Japan
1.6%
Ranked 89th.
Nutrition > Prevalence of undernourishment > % of population 10%
Ranked 72nd. Twice as much as Japan
5%
Ranked 109th.

Disease prevention > Improved sanitation facilities > Rural > % of rural population with access 52%
Ranked 104th.
100%
Ranked 7th. 92% more than China

Risk factors > Female adults with HIV > % of population ages 15+ with HIV 28.99%
Ranked 78th. 21% more than Japan
23.96%
Ranked 122nd.

Risk factors > Incidence of tuberculosis > Per 100,000 people 97.3
Ranked 80th. 4 times more than Japan
21.85
Ranked 130th.

Public health spending > % of GDP 1.91%
Ranked 145th.
6.53%
Ranked 25th. 3 times more than China

Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > To save the woman's life Legal Legal
Diseases > Diabetes > Prevalence > % of population ages 20 to 79 8.82%
Ranked 71st. 72% more than Japan
5.12%
Ranked 157th.
Private expenditure on health as % of total expenditure on health 66.3%
Ranked 26th. 4 times more than Japan
18.3%
Ranked 162nd.
Life expectancy at birth > Years > Males 70
Ranked 55th.
78
Ranked 4th. 11% more than China
Smoking prevalence > Females > % of adults 4%
Ranked 2nd.
14.5%
Ranked 18th. 4 times more than China

Expenditure > Total > % of GDP 4.7%
Ranked 132nd.
7.8%
Ranked 43th. 66% more than China

Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > Foetal impairment Legal Illegal
External resources for health as % of total expenditure on health 0.1%
Ranked 131st.
0.0
Ranked 143th.
Improved sanitation facilities > Rural > % of rural population with access 28%
Ranked 133th.
100%
Ranked 7th. 4 times more than China

Improved sanitation facilities > Urban > % of urban population with access 69%
Ranked 117th.
100%
Ranked 9th. 45% more than China

Cause of death, by communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions > % of total 7.07%
Ranked 139th.
13.53%
Ranked 108th. 91% more than China
Diseases > Prevalence of anemia among children > % of children under 5 20%
Ranked 9th. 89% more than Japan
10.56%
Ranked 103th.
Diseases > Cause of death, by non-communicable diseases > % of total 83.1%
Ranked 58th. 4% more than Japan
79.99%
Ranked 71st.
Diseases > Female adults with HIV > % of population ages 15+ with HIV 28.6%
Ranked 114th. 86% more than Japan
15.4%
Ranked 144th.

Prevalence of HIV > Total > % of population ages 15-49 0.08%
Ranked 145th.
0.1%
Ranked 126th. 25% more than China

Contraceptive prevalence > % of women ages 15-49 87%
Ranked 1st. 56% more than Japan
55.9%
Ranked 16th.

Out-of-pocket health expenditure > % of total expenditure on health 34.77%
Ranked 80th. 2 times more than Japan
16.4%
Ranked 142nd.

Female adults with HIV > % of population ages 15+ with HIV 27.69%
Ranked 77th.
58.24%
Ranked 31st. 2 times more than China

Health expenditure, private > % of GDP 2.28%
Ranked 106th. 23% more than Japan
1.85%
Ranked 130th.

Health expenditure, public > % of GDP 2.89%
Ranked 119th.
7.42%
Ranked 23th. 3 times more than China

Improved water source > Urban > % of urban population with access 93%
Ranked 116th.
100%
Ranked 15th. 8% more than China

Improved water source > Rural > % of rural population with access 67%
Ranked 116th.
100%
Ranked 11th. 49% more than China

Immunization > DPT > % of children ages 12-23 months 87%
Ranked 118th.
99%
Ranked 9th. 14% more than China

Disease prevention > Improved water source > Urban > % of urban population with access 98%
Ranked 85th.
100%
Ranked 13th. 2% more than China

Disease prevention > Improved water source > % of population with access 89%
Ranked 100th.
100%
Ranked 11th. 12% more than China

Disease prevention > Improved sanitation facilities > Urban > % of urban population with access 58%
Ranked 133th.
100%
Ranked 9th. 72% more than China

Expenditure > Public > % of GDP 1.79%
Ranked 148th.
6.32%
Ranked 31st. 4 times more than China

Births attended by skilled health staff > % of total 97.3%
Ranked 14th.
100%
Ranked 2nd. 3% more than China

Improved sanitation facilities > % of population with access 44%
Ranked 120th.
100%
Ranked 8th. 2 times more than China

Tuberculosis treatment success rate > % of registered cases 93.78%
Ranked 12th. 64% more than Japan
57.32%
Ranked 159th.

Disease prevention > Tuberculosis treatment success rate > % of registered cases 94.32%
Ranked 2nd. 2 times more than Japan
45.55%
Ranked 120th.

Disease prevention > Improved sanitation facilities > % of population with access 55%
Ranked 111th.
100%
Ranked 9th. 82% more than China

Health services > External resources for health > % of total expenditure on health 0.15%
Ranked 114th.
0.0
Ranked 141st.

Cause of death, by injury > % of total 9.83%
Ranked 51st. 52% more than Japan
6.48%
Ranked 111th.
Diseases > Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women > % 28.9%
Ranked 2nd. 95% more than Japan
14.81%
Ranked 117th.
Private health spending > % of GDP 2.36%
Ranked 84th. 57% more than Japan
1.5%
Ranked 134th.

Public health spending > % of government spending 9.86%
Ranked 111th.
17.94%
Ranked 14th. 82% more than China

Infant mortality rate > Male 15.61 deaths/1,000 live births
Ranked 119th. 5 times more than Japan
2.98 deaths/1,000 live births
Ranked 212th.

% immunized 1-year-old children > DPT3 79
Ranked 132nd.
95
Ranked 67th. 20% more than China
Nutrition > Low-birthweight babies > % of births 2.2%
Ranked 38th.
7.8%
Ranked 44th. 4 times more than China

Public health spending > % of total health spending 44.74%
Ranked 142nd.
81.33%
Ranked 23th. 82% more than China

Mortality > Completeness of total death reporting > % of reported total deaths to estimated total deaths 99.14%
Ranked 15th. 1% more than Japan
97.94%
Ranked 22nd.
Prepaid plans as % of private expenditure on health 0.4%
Ranked 93th.
1.5%
Ranked 81st. 4 times more than China
% of routine EPI vaccines financed by government > Total 100
Ranked 29th. The same as Japan
100
Ranked 21st.
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > To preserve physical health Legal Legal
Life expectancy > 95% range (78.00-80.00) (85.80-85.90)
Immunisation > Immunization, DPT > % of children ages 12-23 months 99%
Ranked 7th. 1% more than Japan
98%
Ranked 37th.

Immunisation > Immunization, measles > % of children ages 12-23 months 99%
Ranked 8th. 3% more than Japan
96%
Ranked 61st.

Expenditure > Private > % of GDP 2.91%
Ranked 58th. 97% more than Japan
1.48%
Ranked 141st.

HIVAIDS > Adult prevalence rate 15-49 years, 0.1
Ranked 109th. The same as Japan
0.1
Ranked 105th.
Immunization > Measles > % of children ages 12-23 months 86%
Ranked 115th.
99%
Ranked 10th. 15% more than China

Tuberculosis case detection rate > %, all forms 89%
Ranked 19th. 3% more than Japan
86%
Ranked 73th.

Health expenditure, public > % of government expenditure 12.49%
Ranked 81st.
18.18%
Ranked 20th. 46% more than China

Disease prevention > Immunisation against tetanus > % of children ages 12-23 months 97%
Ranked 53th.
98%
Ranked 35th. 1% more than China

Disease prevention > Immunisation > Measles > % of children ages 12-23 months 94%
Ranked 80th. The same as Japan
94%
Ranked 78th.

Health services > Out-of-pocket health expenditure > % of private expenditure on health 92.02%
Ranked 55th. 14% more than Japan
80.75%
Ranked 100th.

Health spending > % of GDP 4.26%
Ranked 139th.
8.02%
Ranked 48th. 88% more than China

Out-of-pocket expenditure as % of private health expenditure 96.3%
Ranked 73th. 7% more than Japan
89.8%
Ranked 92nd.

SOURCES: World Development Indicators database; United Nations Population Division. Source tables; United Nations Population Division. Source tables; United Nations Population Division. Source tables; World Health Organization. Source tables; British Broadcasting Corporation 2014; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011; (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Derived from male and female life expectancy at birth from sources such as: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. 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