Media > Telephone system > Domestic: Countries Compared

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COUNTRY	DESCRIPTION
AfghanistanAfghanistan	aided by the presence of multiple providers, mobile-cellular telephone service continues to improve rapidly; the Afghan Ministry of Communications and Information claims that more than 90 percent of the population live in areas with access to mobile-cellular services
AlbaniaAlbania	offsetting the shortage of fixed line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2011 multiple companies were providing mobile services and mobile teledensity had reached 100 per 100 persons; Internet broadband services initiated in 2005 but growth has been slow; Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital
AlgeriaAlgeria	a limited network of fixed lines with a teledensity of less than 10 telephones per 100 persons has been offset by the rapid increase in mobile-cellular subscribership; in 2011, mobile-cellular teledensity was roughly 100 telephones per 100 persons
American SamoaAmerican Samoa	domestic satellite system with 1 Comsat earth station
AndorraAndorra	modern system with microwave radio relay connections between exchanges
AngolaAngola	only about two fixed-lines per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity about 50 telephones per 100 persons in 2011
AnguillaAnguilla	fixed-line teledensity is roughly 40 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 170 per 100 persons
AntarcticaAntarctica	commercial cellular networks operating in a small number of locations
Antigua and BarbudaAntigua and Barbuda	fixed-line teledensity roughly 40 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is some 200 per 100 persons
ArgentinaArgentina	microwave radio relay, fiber-optic cable, and a domestic satellite system with 40 earth stations serve the trunk network; fixed-line teledensity is increasing gradually and mobile-cellular subscribership is increasing rapidly; broadband Internet services are gaining ground
ArmeniaArmenia	reliable modern fixed-line and mobile-cellular services are available across Yerevan in major cities and towns; significant but ever-shrinking gaps remain in mobile-cellular coverage in rural areas
ArubaAruba	increased competition through privatization; 3 mobile-cellular service providers are now licensed
AustraliaAustralia	domestic satellite system; significant use of radiotelephone in areas of low population density; rapid growth of mobile telephones
AustriaAustria	fixed-line subscribership has been in decline since the mid-1990s with mobile-cellular subscribership eclipsing it by the late 1990s; the fiber-optic net is very extensive; all telephone applications and Internet services are available
AzerbaijanAzerbaijan	teledensity of 17 fixed lines per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity has increased and now exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons; satellite service connects Baku to a modern switch in its exclave of Naxcivan (Nakhichevan)
BahrainBahrain	modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile-cellular telephones
BangladeshBangladesh	fixed-line teledensity remains only about 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has been increasing rapidly and now exceeds 50 telephones per 100 persons
BarbadosBarbados	fixed-line teledensity of roughly 50 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone density approaching 125 per 100 persons
BelarusBelarus	state-owned Beltelcom is the sole provider of fixed-line local and long distance service; fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved; multiple GSM mobile-cellular networks are experiencing rapid growth; mobile-cellular teledensity now exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons
BelgiumBelgium	nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system; extensive cable network; limited microwave radio relay network
BelizeBelize	fixed-line teledensity of slightly less than 10 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity approaching 70 per 100 persons
BeninBenin	fixed-line teledensity only about 2 per 100 persons; spurred by the presence of multiple mobile-cellular providers, cellular telephone subscribership has been increasing rapidly
BermudaBermuda	the system has a high fixed-line teledensity coupled with a mobile-cellular teledensity of roughly 125 per 100 persons
BhutanBhutan	low teledensity; domestic service is poor especially in rural areas; mobile-cellular service, started in 2003, is now widely available
BoliviaBolivia	most telephones are concentrated in La Paz, Santa Cruz, and other capital cities; mobile-cellular telephone use expanding rapidly and, in 2011, teledensity reached about 80 per 100 persons
Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina	fixed-line teledensity roughly 25 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and, stands at roughly 80 telephones per 100 persons
BotswanaBotswana	fixed-line teledensity has declined in recent years and now stands at roughly 7 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity now pushing 140 telephones per 100 persons
BrazilBrazil	fixed-line connections have remained relatively stable in recent years and stand at about 20 per 100 persons; less expensive mobile-cellular technology has been a major driver in expanding telephone service to the lower-income segments of the population with mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 120 per 100 persons
British Indian Ocean TerritoryIndian Ocean	all commercial telephone services are available, including connection to the Internet
British Virgin IslandsBrit. Virgin Isl.	fixed line connections exceed 80 per 100 persons and mobile cellular subscribership is roughly 150 per 100 persons
BruneiBrunei	every service available
BulgariaBulgaria	the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company's fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 in an effort to upgrade fixed-line services; mobile-cellular teledensity, fostered by multiple service providers, has reached 150 telephones per 100 persons
Burkina FasoBurkina Faso	fixed-line connections stand at less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage, fostered by multiple providers, is increasing rapidly from a low base
BurmaBurma	system barely capable of providing basic service; mobile-cellular phone system is grossly underdeveloped
BurundiBurundi	telephone density one of the lowest in the world; fixed-line connections stand at well less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage is increasing but remains at roughly 20 per 100 persons
CambodiaCambodia	fixed-line connections stand at about 4 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage, aided by competition among service providers, is increasing rapidly and stands at 92 per 100 persons
CameroonCameroon	mobile-cellular usage, in part a reflection of the poor condition and general inadequacy of the fixed-line network, has increased sharply, reaching a subscribership base of 50 per 100 persons
CanadaCanada	domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations
Cape VerdeCape Verde	major service provider is Cabo Verde Telecom (CVT); fiber-optic ring, completed in 2001, links all islands providing Internet access and ISDN services; cellular service introduced in 1998; broadband services launched in 2004
Cayman IslandsCayman Islands	liberalization of telecom market in 2003; introduction of competition in the mobile-cellular market in 2004
Central African RepublicCentral Africa	limited telephone service with less than 1 fixed-line connection per 100 persons; spurred by the presence of multiple mobile-cellular service providers, cellular usage is increasing from a low base; most fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone services are concentrated in Bangui
ChadChad	fixed-line connections for less than 1 per 100 persons coupled with mobile-cellular subscribership base of only about 35 per 100 persons
ChileChile	number of fixed-line connections have stagnated in recent years as mobile-cellular usage continues to increase, reaching 130 telephones per 100 persons
ChinaChina	interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been installed; mobile-cellular subscribership is increasing rapidly; the number of Internet users exceeded 564 million by the end of 2012; a domestic satellite system with several earth stations is in place
Christmas IslandXmas Island	GSM mobile-cellular telephone service replaced older analog system in February 2005
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsCocos Islands	NA
ColombiaColombia	fixed-line connections stand at about 15 per 100 persons; mobile cellular telephone subscribership is about 100 per 100 persons; competition among cellular service providers is resulting in falling local and international calling rates and contributing to the steep decline in the market share of fixed line services
ComorosComoros	fixed-line connections only about 3 per 100 persons; mobile cellular usage about 30 per 100 persons
Congo, Republic of theCongo, Republic of the	fixed-line infrastructure inadequate providing less than 1 connection per 100 persons; in the absence of an adequate fixed line infrastructure, mobile-cellular subscribership has surged to 90 per 100 persons
Cook IslandsCook Islands	individual islands are connected by a combination of satellite earth stations, microwave systems, and VHF and HF radiotelephone; within the islands, service is provided by small exchanges connected to subscribers by open-wire, cable, and fiber-optic cable
Costa RicaCosta Rica	point-to-point and point-to-multi-point microwave, fiber-optic, and coaxial cable link rural areas; Internet service is available
Cote d'IvoireCote d'Ivoire	with multiple mobile-cellular service providers competing in the market, usage has increased sharply to roughly 80 per 100 persons
CroatiaCroatia	fixed-line teledensity holding steady at about 40 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions exceed the population
CubaCuba	fixed-line density remains low at 10 per 100 inhabitants; mobile-cellular service expanding but remains only about 10 per 100 persons
CyprusCyprus	open-wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio relay
Czech RepublicCzech Republic	access to the fixed-line telephone network expanded throughout the 1990s but the number of fixed line connections has been dropping since then; mobile telephone usage increased sharply beginning in the mid-1990s and the number of cellular telephone subscriptions now greatly exceeds the population
Democratic Republic of the CongoCongo, DR.	state-owned operator providing less than 1 fixed-line connection per 1000 persons; given the backdrop of a wholly inadequate fixed-line infrastructure, the use of mobile-cellular services has surged and mobile teledensity is roughly 20 per 100 persons
DenmarkDenmark	buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form trunk network, multiple cellular mobile communications systems
DjiboutiDjibouti	Djibouti Telecom is the sole provider of telecommunications services and utilizes mostly a microwave radio relay network; fiber-optic cable is installed in the capital; rural areas connected via wireless local loop radio systems; mobile cellular coverage is primarily limited to the area in and around Djibouti city
DominicaDominica	fixed-line connections continued to decline slowly with the two active operators providing about 20 fixed-line connections per 100 persons; subscribership among the three mobile-cellular providers continued to increase with teledensity reaching 150 per 100 persons
Dominican RepublicDominican Rep.	fixed-line teledensity is about 10 per 100 persons; multiple providers of mobile-cellular service with a subscribership of nearly 90 per 100 persons
East TimorEast Timor	system suffered significant damage during the violence associated with independence; limited fixed-line services; mobile-cellular services have been expanding and are now available in urban and most rural areas
EcuadorEcuador	fixed-line services provided by multiple telecommunications operators; fixed-line teledensity stands at about 15 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular use has surged and subscribership has reached 100 per 100 persons
EgyptEgypt	largest fixed-line system in the region; as of 2011 there were multiple mobile-cellular networks with a total of roughly 83 million subscribers
El SalvadorEl Salvador	nationwide microwave radio relay system
Equatorial GuineaEqu. Guinea	fixed-line density is about 2 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing and in 2011 stood at about 60 percent of the population
EritreaEritrea	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership is less than 5 per 100 persons
EstoniaEstonia	substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are widely available; schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income-tax returns online, and online voting was used for the first time in the 2005 local elections
EthiopiaEthiopia	the number of fixed lines and mobile telephones is increasing from a small base; combined fixed and mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 15 per 100 persons
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Falklands	government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radiotelephone networks provide effective service to almost all points on both islands
Faroe IslandsFaroe Islands	conversion to digital system completed in 1998; both NMT (analog) and GSM (digital) mobile telephone systems are installed
Federated States of MicronesiaMicronesia	islands interconnected by shortwave radiotelephone (used mostly for government purposes), satellite (Intelsat) ground stations, and some coaxial and fiber-optic cable; mobile-cellular service available on Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap
FijiFiji	telephone or radio telephone links to almost all inhabited islands; most towns and large villages have automatic telephone exchanges and direct dialing; combined fixed and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 100 per 100 persons
FinlandFinland	digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive mobile-cellular network provide domestic needs
FranceFrance	extensive cable and microwave radio relay; extensive use of fiber-optic cable; domestic satellite system
French GuianaFrench Guiana	fair open-wire and microwave radio relay system
French PolynesiaFr. Polynesia	combined fixed and mobile-cellular density is roughly 100 per 100 persons
GabonGabon	a growing mobile-cellular network with multiple providers is making telephone service more widely available with mobile-cellular teledensity exceeding 100 per 100 persons
Gaza StripGaza Strip	Israeli company BEZEK and the Palestinian company PALTEL are responsible for fixed-line services; the Palestinian JAWWAL company provides cellular services
GeorgiaGeorgia	cellular telephone networks cover the entire country; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 100 per 100 people; intercity facilities include a fiber-optic line between T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi
GermanyGermany	Germany is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreign countries
GhanaGhana	competition among multiple mobile-cellular providers has spurred growth with a subscribership of more than 80 per 100 persons and rising
GibraltarGibraltar	automatic exchange facilities
GreeceGreece	microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open-wire connections; submarine cable to offshore islands
GreenlandGreenland	microwave radio relay and satellite
GrenadaGrenada	interisland VHF and UHF radiotelephone links
GuamGuam	digital system, including mobile-cellular service and local access to the Internet
GuatemalaGuatemala	state-owned telecommunications company privatized in the late 1990s opening the way for competition; fixed-line teledensity roughly 10 per 100 persons; fixed-line investments are being concentrated on improving rural connectivity; mobile-cellular teledensity approaching 150 per 100 persons
GuernseyGuernsey	fixed-line and mobile-cellular services widely available; combined fixed and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 100 per 100 persons
GuineaGuinea	Conakry reasonably well-served; coverage elsewhere remains inadequate and large companies tend to rely on their own systems for nationwide links; fixed-line teledensity less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership is expanding and exceeds 40 per 100 persons
Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau	fixed-line teledensity less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 50 per 100 persons
GuyanaGuyana	fixed-line teledensity is about 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity about 70 per 100 persons in 2011
HaitiHaiti	mobile-cellular telephone services are expanding rapidly due, in part, to the introduction of low-cost GSM phones; mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 40 per 100 persons
Holy See (Vatican City)Vatican City	connected via fiber optic cable to Telecom Italia network
HondurasHonduras	beginning in 2003, private sub-operators allowed to provide fixed-lines in order to expand telephone coverage contributing to a small increase in fixed-line teledensity; mobile-cellular subscribership is roughly 100 per 100 persons
Hong KongHong Kong	microwave radio relay links and extensive fiber-optic network
HungaryHungary	competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones since 2000 and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections
IcelandIceland	liberalization of the telecommunications sector beginning in the late 1990s has led to increased competition especially in the mobile services segment of the market
IndiaIndia	mobile cellular service introduced in 1994 and organized nationwide into four metropolitan areas and 19 telecom circles each with multiple private service providers and one or more state-owned service providers; in recent years significant trunk capacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of the world's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian National Satellite system (INSAT), with 6 satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture terminals (VSAT)
IndonesiaIndonesia	coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly
IranIran	the addition of new fiber cables and modern switching and exchange systems installed by Iran's state-owned telecom company have improved and expanded the fixed-line network greatly; fixed-line availability has more than doubled to more than 27 million lines since 2000; additionally, mobile-cellular service has increased dramatically serving roughly 56 million subscribers in 2011; combined fixed and mobile-cellular subscribership now exceeds 100 per 100 persons
IraqIraq	repairs to switches and lines destroyed during 2003 continue; additional switching capacity is improving access; 3 GSM operators since 2007 have expanded beyond their regional roots and offer near country-wide access to second-generation services; third-generation mobile services are not available nationwide; wireless local loop is available in some metropolitan areas and additional licenses have been issued with the hope of overcoming the lack of fixed-line infrastructure
IrelandIreland	system privatized but dominated by former state monopoly operator; increasing levels of broadband access particularly in urban areas
Isle of ManIsle of Man	landline, telefax, mobile cellular telephone system
IsraelIsrael	good system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay; all systems are digital; four privately owned mobile-cellular service providers with countrywide coverage
ItalyItaly	high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks
JamaicaJamaica	the 1999 agreement to open the market for telecommunications services resulted in rapid growth in mobile-cellular telephone usage while the number of fixed-lines in use has declined; combined mobile-cellular teledensity exceeded 110 per 100 persons in 2011
JapanJapan	high level of modern technology and excellent service of every kind
JerseyJersey	digital telephone system launch announced in 2006 now implemented; fixed-line and mobile-cellular services widely available; combined fixed and mobile-cellular density exceeds 100 per 100 persons
Johnston AtollJohnston Atoll	512 KB satellite link to Hawaii teleport; 20 (POTS) voice and data lines
JordanJordan	1995
KazakhstanKazakhstan	intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; number of fixed-line connections is gradually increasing and fixed-line teledensity now roughly 25 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage has increased rapidly and the subscriber base now exceeds 140 per 100 persons
KenyaKenya	sole fixed-line provider, Telkom Kenya, is slated for privatization; multiple providers in the mobile-cellular segment of the market fostering a boom in mobile-cellular telephone usage with teledensity reaching 65 per 100 persons in 2011
KiribatiKiribati	wire line service available on Tarawa and Kiritimati (Christmas Island); connections to outer islands by HF/VHF radiotelephone; wireless service available in Tarawa since 1999
KuwaitKuwait	new telephone exchanges provide a large capacity for new subscribers; trunk traffic is carried by microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and open-wire and fiber-optic cable; a mobile-cellular telephone system operates throughout Kuwait, and the country is well supplied with pay telephones
KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan	fixed-line penetration remains low and concentrated in urban areas; multiple mobile-cellular service providers with growing coverage; mobile-cellular subscribership was about 115 per 100 persons in 2011
LaosLaos	4
LatviaLatvia	number of telecommunications operators has grown rapidly since the fixed-line market opened to competition in 2003; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership roughly 150 per 100 persons
LebanonLebanon	two mobile-cellular networks provide good service; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership roughly 100 per 100 persons
LesothoLesotho	privatized in 2001, Telecom Lesotho was tasked with providing an additional 50,000 fixed-line connections within five years, a target not met; mobile-cellular service dominates the market and is expanding with a subscribership roughly 65 per 100 persons in 2011; rural services are scant
LiberiaLiberia	mobile-cellular subscription base growing and teledensity reached 50 per 100 persons in 2011
LibyaLibya	multiple providers for a mobile telephone system that is growing rapidly; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity has soared
LiechtensteinLiechtenstein	fixed-line and mobile-cellular services widely available; combined telephone service subscribership exceeds 150 per 100 persons
LithuaniaLithuania	rapid expansion of mobile-cellular services has resulted in a steady decline in the number of fixed-line connections; mobile-cellular teledensity stands at about 140 per 100 persons
LuxembourgLuxembourg	fixed line teledensity over 50 per 100 persons; nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system with market for mobile-cellular phones virtually saturated
MacauMacau	termination of monopoly over mobile-cellular telephone services in 2001 spurred sharp increase in subscriptions with mobile-cellular teledensity exceeding 200 per 100 persons; fixed-line subscribership appears to have peaked and is now in decline
MadagascarMadagascar	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity about 40 per 100 persons
MalawiMalawi	limited fixed-line subscribership of about 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular services are expanding but network coverage is limited and is based around the main urban areas; mobile-cellular subscribership about 25 per 100 persons
MalaysiaMalaysia	domestic satellite system with 2 earth stations; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 140 per 100 persons
MaldivesMaldives	each island now has at least 1 public telephone, and there are mobile-cellular networks with a rapidly expanding subscribership that has reached 135 per 100 persons
MaliMali	fixed-line subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to about 70 per 100 persons
MaltaMalta	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership exceeds 180 per 100 persons
Marshall IslandsMarshall Isl.	Majuro Atoll and Ebeye and Kwajalein islands have regular, seven-digit, direct-dial telephones; other islands interconnected by high frequency radiotelephone (used mostly for government purposes) and mini-satellite telephones
MauritaniaMauritania	Mauritel, the national telecommunications company, was privatized in 2001 but remains the monopoly provider of fixed-line services; fixed-line teledensity 2 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular network coverage extends mainly to urban areas with a teledensity of roughly 100 per 100 persons; mostly cable and open-wire lines; a domestic satellite telecommunications system links Nouakchott with regional capitals
MauritiusMauritius	monopoly over fixed-line services terminated in 2005; fixed-line teledensity roughly 30 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular services launched in 1989 with current teledensity roughly 100 per 100 persons
MayotteMayotte	NA
MexicoMexico	despite the opening to competition in January 1997, Telmex remains dominant; Fixed-line teledensity is less than 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is about 80 per 100 persons
MoldovaMoldova	multiple private operators of GSM mobile-cellular telephone service are operating; GPRS system is being introduced; a CDMA mobile telephone network began operations in 2007; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity 100 per 100 persons
MonacoMonaco	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 200 per 100 persons
MongoliaMongolia	very low fixed-line teledensity; there are multiple mobile-cellular providers and subscribership is increasing
MontenegroMontenegro	GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing
MontserratMontserrat	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 100 per 100 persons
MoroccoMorocco	fixed-line teledensity is roughly 10 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership exceeds 100 per 100 persons
MozambiqueMozambique	stagnation in the fixed-line network contrasts with rapid growth in the mobile-cellular network; mobile-cellular coverage now includes all the main cities and key roads, including those from Maputo to the South African and Swaziland borders, the national highway through Gaza and Inhambane provinces, the Beira corridor, and from Nampula to Nacala; extremely low fixed-line teledensity; despite significant growth in mobile-cellular services, teledensity remains low at about 35 per 100 persons
NamibiaNamibia	multiple mobile-cellular providers with a combined subscribership of more than 100 telephones per 100 persons
NauruNauru	NA
NepalNepal	mobile-cellular telephone subscribership base is increasing with roughly 90% of the population living in areas covered by mobile carriers
NetherlandsNetherlands	extensive fixed-line fiber-optic network; large cellular telephone system with 5 major operators utilizing the third generation of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology; one in five households now use Voice over the Internet Protocol (VoIP) services
Netherlands AntillesN. Antilles	extensive interisland microwave radio relay links
New CaledoniaNew Caledonia	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership exceeds 100 per 100 persons
New ZealandNew Zealand	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership exceeds 150 per 100 persons
NicaraguaNicaragua	since privatization, access to fixed-line and mobile-cellular services has improved; fixed-line teledensity roughly 5 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased to roughly 85 per 100 persons
NigerNiger	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity remains only about 30 per 100 persons despite a rapidly increasing cellular subscribership base; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations and 1 planned
NigeriaNigeria	the addition of a second fixed-line provider in 2002 resulted in faster growth but subscribership remains only about 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular services growing rapidly, in part responding to the shortcomings of the fixed-line network; multiple cellular providers operate nationally with subscribership base approaching 60 per 100 persons
NiueNiue	single-line telephone system connects all villages on island
Norfolk IslandNorfolk Island	free local calls
North KoreaNorth Korea	fiber-optic links installed down to the county level; telephone directories unavailable; GSM mobile-cellular service initiated in 2002 but suspended in 2004; Orascom Telecom Holding, an Egyptian company, launched W-CDMA mobile service on 15 December 2008 for the Pyongyang area, has expanded service to several large cities and now has a 1-million-person subscriber base
Northern Mariana IslandsN. Mariana	NA
NorwayNorway	Norway has a domestic satellite system; the prevalence of rural areas encourages the wide use of mobile-cellular systems
OmanOman	fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership both increasing with fixed-line phone service gradually being introduced to remote villages using wireless local loop systems
PakistanPakistan	mobile-cellular subscribership has skyrocketed, exceeding 110 million by the end of 2011, up from only about 300,000 in 2000; more than 90 percent of Pakistanis live within areas that have cell phone coverage and more than half of all Pakistanis have access to a cell phone; fiber systems are being constructed throughout the country to aid in network growth; fixed line availability has risen only marginally over the same period and there are still difficulties getting fixed-line service to rural areas
PalauPalau	fixed-line and mobile-cellular services available with a combined subscribership of roughly 100 per 100 persons
PanamaPanama	mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly
Papua New GuineaPapua NG	access to telephone services is not widely available although combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity has increased to roughly 40 per 100 persons
ParaguayParaguay	deficiencies in provision of fixed-line service have resulted in a rapid expansion of mobile-cellular services fostered by competition among multiple providers
PeruPeru	fixed-line teledensity is only about 12 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons
PhilippinesPhilippines	telecommunications infrastructure includes the following platforms: fixed-line, mobile cellular, cable TV, over-the-air TV, radio and Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), fiber-optic cable, and satellite; mobile-cellular communications now dominate the industry
Pitcairn IslandsPitcarn	local phone service with international connections via Internet
PolandPoland	mobile-cellular service available since 1993 and provided by three nation-wide networks with a fourth provider beginning operations in late 2006; coverage is generally good with some gaps in the east; fixed-line service lags in rural areas
PortugalPortugal	integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire, microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations
Puerto RicoPuerto Rico	digital telephone system; mobile-cellular services
QatarQatar	combined fixed and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership exceeds 130 telephones per 100 persons
Republic of MacedoniaMacedonia Rep.	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership about 130 per 100 persons
ReunionReunion	modern open-wire and microwave radio relay network
RomaniaRomania	more than 90 percent of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons
RussiaRussia	cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density
RwandaRwanda	the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the provinces by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone density has increased and now exceeds 40 telephones per 100 persons
Saint BarthelemySt Barthelemy	direct dial capability with both fixed and wireless systems
Saint HelenaSaint Helena	automatic digital network
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da CunhaSaint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha	automatic digital network
Saint Kitts and NevisSt Kitts+	interisland links via Eastern Caribbean Fiber Optic cable; construction of enhanced wireless infrastructure launched in November 2004; fixed-line teledensity about 40 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 170 per 100 persons
Saint LuciaSaint Lucia	fixed-line teledensity is 25 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 130 per 100 persons
Saint MartinSaint Martin	direct dial capability with both fixed and wireless systems
Saint Pierre and MiquelonSt Pierre+	NA
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesSt Vincent+	fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 125 per 100 persons
SamoaSamoa	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 100 telephones per 100 persons
San MarinoSan Marino	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity 170 telephones per 100 persons
Sao Tome and PrincipeSoa Tome+	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 65 telephones per 100 persons
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia	mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly
SenegalSenegal	above-average urban system with a fiber-optic network; nearly two-thirds of all fixed-line connections are in Dakar where a call-center industry is emerging; expansion of fixed-line services in rural areas needed; mobile-cellular service is expanding rapidly
SerbiaSerbia	wireless service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing very rapidly; best telecommunications services are centered in urban centers; 3G mobile network launched in 2007
Serbia and MontenegroSerbia+	wireless service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing very rapidly; best telecommunications services are centered in urban centers; 3G mobile network launched in 2007
SeychellesSeychelles	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 170 telephones per 100 persons; radiotelephone communications between islands in the archipelago
Sierra LeoneSierra Leone	the national microwave radio relay trunk system connects Freetown to Bo and Kenema; while mobile-cellular service is growing rapidly from a small base, service area coverage remains limited
SingaporeSingapore	excellent domestic facilities; launched 3G wireless service in February 2005; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity more than 180 telephones per 100 persons; multiple providers of high-speed Internet connectivity and the government is close to completing an island-wide roll out of a high-speed fiber-optic broadband network
SlovakiaSlovakia	analog system is now receiving digital equipment and is being enlarged with fiber-optic cable, especially in the larger cities; 3 companies provide nationwide cellular services
SloveniaSlovenia	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 150 telephones per 100 persons
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands	mobile-cellular telephone density is about 50 per 100 persons
SomaliaSomalia	local cellular telephone systems have been established in Mogadishu and in several other population centers with one company beginning to provide 3G services in late 2012
South AfricaSouth Africa	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 140 telephones per 100 persons; consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay links, fiber-optic cable, radiotelephone communication stations, and wireless local loops; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria
South KoreaSouth Korea	fixed-line and mobile-cellular services widely available with a combined telephone subscribership of roughly 170 per 100 persons; rapid assimilation of a full range of telecommunications technologies leading to a boom in e-commerce
SpainSpain	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 150 telephones per 100 persons
Sri LankaSri Lanka	national trunk network consists mostly of digital microwave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area and fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition is strong in mobile cellular systems and mobile cellular subscribership is increasing
SudanSudan	consists of microwave radio relay, cable, fiber optic, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations
SurinameSuriname	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity 185 telephones per 100 persons; microwave radio relay network
SvalbardSvalbard	local telephone service
SwazilandSwaziland	single source for mobile-cellular service with a geographic coverage of about 90% and a rising subscribership base; combined fixed-line and mobile cellular teledensity roughly 60 telephones per 100 persons in 2011; telephone system consists of carrier-equipped, open-wire lines and low-capacity, microwave radio relay
SwedenSweden	coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voice traffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry some additional telephone channels
SwitzerlandSwitzerland	ranked among leading countries for fixed-line teledensity and infrastructure; mobile-cellular subscribership roughly 125 per 100 persons; extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks
SyriaSyria	the number of fixed-line connections has increased markedly since 2000; mobile-cellular service growing with telephone subscribership nearly 60 per 100 persons in 2011
TaiwanTaiwan	thoroughly modern; completely digitalized
TajikistanTajikistan	fixed line availability has not changed significantly since 1998 while mobile cellular subscribership, aided by competition among multiple operators, has expanded rapidly; coverage now extends to all major cities and towns
TanzaniaTanzania	fixed-line telephone network inadequate with less than 1 connection per 100 persons; mobile-cellular service, aided by multiple providers, is increasing rapidly and in 2011 exceeded a subscriber base of 50 telephones per 100 persons; trunk service provided by open-wire, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being made digital
ThailandThailand	fixed line system provided by both a government-owned and commercial provider; wireless service expanding rapidly
The BahamasThe Bahamas	totally automatic system; highly developed; the Bahamas Domestic Submarine Network links 14 of the islands and is designed to satisfy increasing demand for voice and broadband Internet services
The GambiaThe Gambia	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity, aided by multiple mobile-cellular providers, is roughly 80 per 100 persons
TogoTogo	microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional system; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 50 telephones per 100 persons with mobile-cellular use predominating
TokelauTokelau	radiotelephone service between islands
TongaTonga	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity about 80 telephones per 100 persons; fully automatic switched network
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad+	combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 170 telephones per 100 persons
TunisiaTunisia	in an effort to jumpstart expansion of the fixed-line network, the government has awarded a concession to build and operate a VSAT network with international connectivity; rural areas are served by wireless local loops; competition between the two mobile-cellular service providers has resulted in lower activation and usage charges and a strong surge in subscribership; a third mobile, fixed, and ISP operator was licensed in 2009 and began offering services in 2010; expansion of mobile-cellular services to include multimedia messaging and e-mail and Internet to mobile phone services also leading to a surge in subscribership; overall fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity has reached about 125 telephones per 100 persons
TurkeyTurkey	additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 100 telephones per 100 persons
TurkmenistanTurkmenistan	Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign partners, has installed high-speed fiber-optic lines and has upgraded most of the country's telephone exchanges and switching centers with new digital technology; combined fixed-line and mobile teledensity is about 80 per 100 persons; Russia's Mobile Telesystems, the only foreign mobile-cellular service provider in Turkmenistan, had its operating license suspended in December 2010 but was able to resume operations in September 2012
Turks and Caicos IslandsTurks+	full range of services available; GSM wireless service available
TuvaluTuvalu	radiotelephone communications between islands
UgandaUganda	intercity traffic by wire, microwave radio relay, and radiotelephone communication stations, fixed and mobile-cellular systems for short-range traffic; mobile-cellular teledensity about 50 per 100 persons in 2010
UkraineUkraine	at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited a telephone system that was antiquated, inefficient, and in disrepair; more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied; telephone density is rising and the domestic trunk system is being improved; about one-third of Ukraine's networks are digital and a majority of regional centers now have digital switching stations; improvements in local networks and local exchanges continue to lag; the mobile-cellular telephone system's expansion has slowed, largely due to saturation of the market which has reached 125 mobile phones per 100 people
United Arab EmiratesUAE	microwave radio relay, fiber optic and coaxial cable
United KingdomUnited Kingdom	equal mix of buried cables, microwave radio relay, and fiber-optic systems
United StatesUnited States	a large system of fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and domestic satellites carries every form of telephone traffic; a rapidly growing cellular system carries mobile telephone traffic throughout the country
UruguayUruguay	most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; nationwide microwave radio relay network; overall fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity has reached 170 telephones per 100 persons
UzbekistanUzbekistan	the state-owned telecommunications company, Uzbektelecom, owner of the fixed line telecommunications system, has used loans from the Japanese government and the China Development Bank to upgrade fixed-line services including conversion to digital exchanges; mobile-cellular services are growing rapidly, with the subscriber base reaching 25 million in 2011
VanuatuVanuatu	NA
VenezuelaVenezuela	domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations; recent substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas; substantial increase in digitalization of exchanges and trunk lines; installation of a national interurban fiber-optic network capable of digital multimedia services; combined fixed and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership 130 per 100 persons
VietnamVietnam	all provincial exchanges are digitalized and connected to Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay networks; main lines have been increased, and the use of mobile telephones is growing rapidly
Virgin IslandsVirgin Islands	full range of services available
Wake IslandWake Island	NA
Wallis and FutunaWallis+	NA
West BankWest Bank	Israeli company BEZEK and the Palestinian company PALTEL are responsible for fixed line services; PALTEL plans to establish a fiber-optic connection to Jordan to route domestic mobile calls; the Palestinian JAWWAL company and WATANIYA PALESTINE provide cellular services
YemenYemen	the national network consists of microwave radio relay, cable, tropospheric scatter, GSM and CDMA mobile-cellular telephone systems; fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity remains low by regional standards
ZambiaZambia	high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger towns and cities; several cellular telephone services in operation and network coverage is improving; domestic satellite system being installed to improve telephone service in rural areas; Internet service is widely available; very small aperture terminal (VSAT) networks are operated by private firms
ZimbabweZimbabwe	consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines, radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop installations, and a substantial mobile-cellular network; Internet connection is available in Harare and planned for all major towns and for some of the smaller ones

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APA MLA MHRA CSE AMA Chicago Bluebook Bluebook/JOLT Citation