Labor Stats: compare key data on Canada & Germany

Definitions

Agricultural workers > Male: Proportion of employed males engaged in the agricultural sector. Employment by economic activity (%) (most recent year available between 1995 and 2001). Note: As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of labour statistics over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see ILO (2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; and 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002). The percentage shares of employment by economic activity may not sum to 100 because of rounding or the omission of activities not classified.
Employment rate > Adults: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.
Expense > Current LCU: Expense (current LCU). Expense is cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services. It includes compensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, grants, social benefits, and other expenses such as rent and dividends.
GNI > Current US$: GNI (current US$). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Hours worked > Standard workweek: Standard workweek (hours).
Labor force: The total labor force figure
Labor force > By occupation: Component parts of the labor force by occupation.
Labor force > By occupation > Agriculture: This entry lists the percentage distribution of the labor force by occupation. The distribution will total less than 100 percent if the data are incomplete.
Labor force > By occupation > Services: This entry lists the percentage distribution of the labor force by occupation. The distribution will total less than 100 percent if the data are incomplete.
Labor force, total: Labor force, total. Total labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector.
Rigidity of employment index: The rigidity of employment index measures the regulation of employment, specifically the hiring and firing of workers and the rigidity of working hours. This index is the average of three subindexes: a difficulty of hiring index, a rigidity of hours index, and a difficulty of firing index. The index ranges from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating more rigid regulations.
Salaries and benefits > Minimum wage: Minimum wage.
No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.
Strikes: Strikes five-year average in days not worked per 1000 employees (1996-2000)
Trade union membership: Union members as % of all employees. Figures are for 2000.
Unemployment rate: The percent of the labor force that is without jobs. Substantial underemployment might be noted.
Female doctors: Female doctors as % of the total - 2000.
Labor force per 1000: The total labor force figure. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
GNI > Current US$ per capita: GNI (current US$). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
Labor force, total per 1000: Labor force, total. Total labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Labor force participation > Employment to population ratio > Both sexes: Percentage of unemployed people out of total population able to work. Workers not able to work due to labor disputes, sickness and childcare do not count towards the percentage.
Firing cost > Weeks of wages: Firing cost is the cost of advance notice requirements, severance payments, and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weekly wages. One month is recorded as 4 1/3 weeks.
GNI per capita > Constant LCU: GNI per capita (constant LCU). GNI per capita is gross national income divided by midyear population. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant local currency.
Expense > Current LCU per capita: Expense (current LCU). Expense is cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services. It includes compensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, grants, social benefits, and other expenses such as rent and dividends. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
Employment rate > Women: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.
Labor force > Total: Total labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who meet the International Labour Organisation definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector."
Industrial workers > Male: Proportion of employed males engaged in the industrial sector. Employment by economic activity (%) (most recent year available between 1995 and 2001). Note: As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of labour statistics over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see ILO (2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; and 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002). The percentage shares of employment by economic activity may not sum to 100 because of rounding or the omission of activities not classified.
Employment rate > Men: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, men: Employment-to-population ratio, men, percentage.
Labor force participation > Employment to population ratio > Men: Percentage of unemployed men out of total male population able to work. Men not able to work due to labor disputes, sickness and childcare do not count towards the percentage.
Compensation of employees > Current LCU: Compensation of employees consists of all payments in cash, as well as in kind (such as food and housing), to employees in return for services rendered, and government contributions to social insurance schemes such as social security and pensions that provide benefits to employees.
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment rate: Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed."
Force > Total: Total labor force comprises people who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector.
Force > Total > Per capita: Total labor force comprises people who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector. Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
Female decision makers: Female legislators, senior officials and managers (as % of total). Data refer to the latest year available during the period 1991-2000. Those for countries that have implemented the recent International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88) are not strictly comparable with those for countries using the previous classification (ISCO-68).
Agricultural workers > Female: Proportion of employed females engaged in the agricultural sector. Employment by economic activity (%) (most recent year available between 1995 and 2001). Note: As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of labour statistics over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see ILO (2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; and 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002). The percentage shares of employment by economic activity may not sum to 100 because of rounding or the omission of activities not classified.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Industry > Men > Aged above 14: Percent employed in industry.
Employment > Percent of population are employees > Women: Number of female self-reported employees (formal or informal), expressed as a percentage of the total female employed population.
Unemployment > Youth unemployment, both sexes: Percentage of population aged 15-24 that is unemployed.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > National unemployment rate: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks preceding the survey. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of unemployed and employed persons.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market.
The Gini index offers an accurate picture of regional disparities. It looks not only at the regions with the highest and the lowest rates of unemployment but also at the differences among all regions. The index ranges between 0 and 1: the higher its value, the larger the regional disparities. Regional disparities tend to be underestimated when the size of regions is large.
The youth unemployment rate is defined as the ratio between the unemployed person aged between 15 and 24 and the labour force in the same age group.
GNI > Current LCU: GNI (current LCU). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current local currency.
Unemployment: Unemployed as proportion of the total labour force. Data for 2000-2002.
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Women: Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week.
Self-employed persons include employers, own-account workers, members of producers’ co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. The last of these are unpaid in the sense that they do not have a formal contract to receive a fixed amount of income at regular intervals, but they share in the income generated by the enterprise; unpaid family workers are particularly important in farming and retail trade. Note that all persons who work in corporate enterprises, including company directors, are considered to be employees.
The rates shown here are the percentages of the self-employed in total civilian employment i.e., total employment less military employees.
Female economic activity: Female economic activity rate (aged 15 and above) in 2000.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, women: Employment-to-population ratio, women, percentage.
Labor force participation > Employment to population ratio > Women: Percentage of unemployed women out of total female population able to work. Women not able to work due to labor disputes, sickness and childcare do not count towards the percentage.
Labor force > Per capita: The total labor force figure Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 30-34: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Industrial workers > Female: Proportion of employed females engaged in the industrial sector. Employment by economic activity (%) (most recent year available between 1995 and 2001). Note: As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of labour statistics over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see ILO (2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; and 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002). The percentage shares of employment by economic activity may not sum to 100 because of rounding or the omission of activities not classified.
Work Time > More than 40 hours: Percentage of persons in employment working more than 40 hours/week. Data is for 2000.
Employment rate > Young adults: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally considered the youth population.
Female professionals: Female professional and technical workers (as % of total)
Net income from abroad > Current US$: Net income from abroad (current US$). Net income includes the net labor income and net property and entrepreneurial income components of the SNA. Labor income covers compensation of employees paid to nonresident workers. Property and entrepreneurial income covers investment income from the ownership of foreign financial claims (interest, dividends, rent, etc.) and nonfinancial property income (patents, copyrights, etc.). Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Unemployment gender ratio: Female unemployment rate as a % of the male unemployment rate.
Part time employment rate > Men > Aged above 14: Percent of males over the age of 14 years who work less than 30 hours a week (either as employees or self-employed) as a percentage of all males in employment.
Employment > Employment rates by gender > Employment rates > Men: Employment rates are calculated as the ratio of the employed to the working age population. To calculate this employment rate, the population of working age is divided into two groups: those who are employed and those who are not. Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week. Those not in employment consist of persons who are out of work but seeking employment, students and all others who have excluded themselves from the labour force for one reason or another, such as incapacity or the need to look after young children or elderly relatives.
Working age is generally defined as persons in the 15 to 64 age bracket although in some countries working age is defined as 16 to 64.
Rigidity of employment index > 0=less rigid to 100=more rigid: The rigidity of employment index measures the regulation of employment, specifically the hiring and firing of workers and the rigidity of working hours. This index is the average of three subindexes: a difficulty of hiring index, a rigidity of hours index, and a difficulty of firing index. The index ranges from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating more rigid regulations."
Employment > Percent of population are employees > Men: Number of male self-reported employees (formal or informal), expressed as a percentage of the total male employed population.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Agriculture > Men > Aged above 14: Percent employed in agriculture.
Service workers > Male: Proportion of employed males engaged in the service sector. Employment by economic activity (%) (most recent year available between 1995 and 2001). Note: As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of labour statistics over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see ILO (2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; and 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002). The percentage shares of employment by economic activity may not sum to 100 because of rounding or the omission of activities not classified.
Female economic activity growth: The % change in the female economic activity rate (aged 15 and above) from 1990 to 2000.
Employment rate > Young men: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally considered the youth population.
Employment rate > Young women: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally considered the youth population.
Unemployment > Unemployment rates > Unemployment rates > Total: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of the unemployed plus those in employment, which are defined as persons who have worked for one hour or more in the last week.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 65 plus: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Total: Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week.
Self-employed persons include employers, own-account workers, members of producers’ co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. The last of these are unpaid in the sense that they do not have a formal contract to receive a fixed amount of income at regular intervals, but they share in the income generated by the enterprise; unpaid family workers are particularly important in farming and retail trade. Note that all persons who work in corporate enterprises, including company directors, are considered to be employees.
The rates shown here are the percentages of the self-employed in total civilian employment i.e., total employment less military employees.
GDP per person employed > Constant 1990 PPP $: GDP per person employed is gross domestic product (GDP) divided by total employment in the economy. Purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP is GDP converted to 1990 constant international dollars using PPP rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP that a U.S. dollar has in the United States.
GNI > Constant LCU: GNI (constant LCU). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant local currency.
GNI > Constant LCU per capita: GNI (constant LCU). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant local currency. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
GNI per capita > Constant 2000 US$: GNI per capita (constant 2000 US$). GNI per capita is gross national income divided by midyear population. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant 2005 U.S. dollars.
Service workers > Female: Proportion of employed females engaged in the service sector. Employment by economic activity (%) (most recent year available between 1995 and 2001). Note: As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of labour statistics over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see ILO (2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; and 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002). The percentage shares of employment by economic activity may not sum to 100 because of rounding or the omission of activities not classified.
Long term unemployment: Long term unemployment as a % of labour force, 2000. Long term implies 12 months or longer.
Part time employment rate > Women > Aged above 14: Percent of females over the age of 14 years who work less than 30 hours a week (either as employees or self-employed) as a percentage of all females in employment.
Employment > Percent of population are employers > Women: Number of female self-reported employers (self-employed with paid employees), expressed as a percentage of the total female employed population.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Agriculture > Women > Aged above 14: Percent employed in agriculture.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, women aged 15 to 24: Employment-to-population ratio.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, men aged above 14: Employment-to-population ratio.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, women aged above 14: Employment-to-population ratio.
Unemployment > Youth unemployment, male: Percentage of male population aged 15-24 that is unemployed.
Gender division of housework: Gender Division of Labour Index, 1994 Range = 1.00 (female does all) through 2.50 (equality) to 5.00 (male does all).
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 45-49: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > National unemployment rate per million: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks preceding the survey. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of unemployed and employed persons.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market.
The Gini index offers an accurate picture of regional disparities. It looks not only at the regions with the highest and the lowest rates of unemployment but also at the differences among all regions. The index ranges between 0 and 1: the higher its value, the larger the regional disparities. Regional disparities tend to be underestimated when the size of regions is large.
The youth unemployment rate is defined as the ratio between the unemployed person aged between 15 and 24 and the labour force in the same age group. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Foreign labor force: Foreign labour force 2000
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment > Long-term unemployment: Long-term unemployment is conventionally defined either as those unemployed for 6 months or more or, as here, those unemployed for 12 months or more. The ratios calculated here show the proportion of these long-term unemployed among all unemployed.
Unemployment is defined in most OECD countries in accordance with the ILO Guidelines. Unemployment is usually measured by household labour force surveys and the unemployed are defined as those persons who report that they have worked in gainful employment for less than one hour in the previous week, who are available for work and who have taken actions to seek employment in the previous four weeks. The ILO Guidelines specify the kinds of actions that count as seeking work.
Total work time > Males: Total work time (minutes per day)
Employment > Employment share by sector > Industry > Women > Aged above 14: Percent employed in industry.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Services > Men > Aged above 14: Percent employed in services.
Employment > Percent of population are employers > Men: Number of male self-reported employers (self-employed with paid employees), expressed as a percentage of the total male employed population.
Working time to buy > A car: Hours worked by average worker to buy a car. Indicative of the purchasing power of the currency of the country.
Technicians in RandD > Per million people: Technicians in R&D and equivalent staff are people whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in engineering, physical and life sciences (technicians), or social sciences and humanities (equivalent staff). They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers.
Work time > Market-oriented: Classification of market and non-market activities are not strictly based on the 1993 revised UN System of National Accounts, so comparisons between countries and areas must be made with caution.
Total work time > Females: Total work time (minutes per day)
Economic activity > Women aged 40-44: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Working time to buy > Milk: Number of minutes worked by average worker to buy 1 litre of milk.
Working time to buy > Chicken: Number of minutes worked by average worker to buy one kilo of chicken. The comparison of income levels only becomes meaningful if the cost of buying the necessities and luxuries of life is also considered.
Economic activity > Men aged 35-39: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 15-19: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Men aged 15-19: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Men aged 20-24: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Total work time > Females over males: Female total work time as a % of male total work time
Employment rate of highly educated women: Employment rate of women aged 25-54, 2000, who are educated upto or more than tertiary level.
Unemployment and education > Tertiary: Unemployment rates among people of all ages who are educated to tertiary levels. Data is for 2000.
Researchers in labor force: Number of researchers per 10000 in the labour force (1999).
Work time > Non-market-oriented: Classification of market and non-market activities are not strictly based on the 1993 revised UN System of National Accounts, so comparisons between countries and areas must be made with caution.
Unemployment with tertiary education > Female > % of female unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO).
Unemployment > Unemployment with tertiary education > Male > % of male unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organisation (UNESCO)."
Economic activity > Women aged 20-24: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 65 plus: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 60-64: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Employment in industry > % of total employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Industry corresponds to divisions 2-5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C-F (ISIC revision 3) and includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water)."
Temporary employment share per million: Temporary employment, expressed as a percentage share of total dependent employment. Data for 2000. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > Gini index of regional unemployment rates > Small regions: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks preceding the survey. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of unemployed and employed persons.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market.
The Gini index offers an accurate picture of regional disparities. It looks not only at the regions with the highest and the lowest rates of unemployment but also at the differences among all regions. The index ranges between 0 and 1: the higher its value, the larger the regional disparities. Regional disparities tend to be underestimated when the size of regions is large.
The youth unemployment rate is defined as the ratio between the unemployed person aged between 15 and 24 and the labour force in the same age group.
Net income from abroad > Current LCU per million: Net income from abroad (current LCU). Net income includes the net labor income and net property and entrepreneurial income components of the SNA. Labor income covers compensation of employees paid to nonresident workers. Property and entrepreneurial income covers investment income from the ownership of foreign financial claims (interest, dividends, rent, etc.) and nonfinancial property income (patents, copyrights, etc.). Data are in current local currency. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Long term unemployment > Share: Percentage share of unemployment that lasts longer than 12 months. Data for 2001.
Unemployment > Unemployment > Total > % of total labor force: Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Labor force > Female > % of total labor force: Female labor force as a percentage of the total show the extent to which women are active in the labor force. Labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who meet the International Labour Organisation's definition of the economically active population.
Share of women employed in the nonagricultural sector > % of total nonagricultural employment: Share of women employed in the nonagricultural sector is the share of female workers in the nonagricultural sector (industry and services), expressed as a percentage of total employment in the nonagricultural sector. Industry includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, electricity, gas, and water, corresponding to divisions 2-5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C-F (ISIC revision 3). Services include wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services-corresponding to divisions 6-9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories G-P (ISIC revision 3)."
Employment > Part-time employment > Incidence of part-time employment: Part-time employment refers to persons who usually work less than 30 hours per week in their main job. Both employees and the self-employed may be part-time workers.
Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week. The rates shown here refer to the numbers of persons who usually work less than 30 hours per week as a percentage of the total number of those in employment.
Unemployment > Unemployed youths per unemployed adult > Women > Aged 15 to 24: Ratio of youth unemployment rate to adult unemployment rate.
Unemployment > Unemployed youths per unemployed adult > Men > Aged 15 to 24: Ratio of youth unemployment rate to adult unemployment rate.
Employment > Underemployment > Working less than 20 hours per week > Women > Aged above 14: Percentage of females above the age of 14 in employment, who work less than 20 hours/week.
Employment > Underemployment > Working less than 20 hours per week > Men > Aged above 14: Percentage of males above the age of 14 in employment, who work less than 20 hours/week.
GNI > Current US$, % of GDP: GNI (current US$). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
Expense > % of GDP: Expense (% of GDP). Expense is cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services. It includes compensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, grants, social benefits, and other expenses such as rent and dividends.
Economic activity > Men aged 40-44: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Unemployment > Unemployment rates > Unemployment rates > Total per million: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of the unemployed plus those in employment, which are defined as persons who have worked for one hour or more in the last week.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Economic activity > Men aged 45-49: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Men aged 50-54: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Employees, agriculture, female > % of female employment: Employees, agriculture, female (% of female employment). Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing.
Employment > Working more than 40 hours per week > Men > Aged above 14: Percentage of males above the age of 14 in employment, who work more than 40 hours per week.
Force with tertiary education > % of total: Labor force with tertiary education is the proportion of labor force that has a tertiary education, as a percentage of the total labor force.
Self-employed, female > % of females employed: Self-employed, female (% of females employed). Self employed workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs" (i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced). Self employed workers include three subcategories: employers, own-account workers, and members of producers' cooperatives.
Self-employed, male > % of males employed: Self-employed, male (% of males employed). Self employed workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs" (i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced). Self employed workers include three subcategories: employers, own-account workers, and members of producers' cooperatives.
Self-employed, total > % of total employed: Self-employed, total (% of total employed). Self employed workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs" (i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced). Self employed workers include three subcategories: employers, own-account workers, and members of producers' cooperatives.
Employment to population ratio, 15+, male > %: Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%). Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.
Force participation rate > Male > % of male population ages 15-64: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15-64 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Wage and salaried workers, total > % of total employed: Wage and salaried workers, total (% of total employed). Wage and salaried workers (employees) are those workers who hold the type of jobs defined as "paid employment jobs," where the incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.
Employees, industry, female > % of female employment: Employees, industry, female (% of female employment). Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Industry corresponds to divisions 2-5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C-F (ISIC revision 3) and includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water).
Employees, industry, male > % of male employment: Employees, industry, male (% of male employment). Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Industry corresponds to divisions 2-5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C-F (ISIC revision 3) and includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water).
Employees, services, female > % of female employment: Employees, services, female (% of female employment). Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Services correspond to divisions 6-9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories G-P (ISIC revision 3) and include wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services.
Employees, services, male > % of male employment: Employees, services, male (% of male employment). Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Services correspond to divisions 6-9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories G-P (ISIC revision 3) and include wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services.
Part time employment, female > % of total part time employment: Part time employment, female (% of total part time employment). Part time employment refers to regular employment in which working time is substantially less than normal. Definitions of part time employment differ by country.
Unemployment, male > % of male labor force: Unemployment, male (% of male labor force). Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Unemployment, total > % of total labor force: Unemployment, total (% of total labor force). Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Force with primary education > % of total: Labor force with primary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a primary education, as a percentage of the total labor force.
Force > Total per 1000: Total labor force comprises people who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Employees > Services > Female > % of female employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Services correspond to divisions 6-9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories G-P (ISIC revision 3) and include wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services."
Labor force with primary education > % of total: Labor force with primary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a primary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Labor force with secondary education > % of total: Labor force with secondary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a secondary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Labor force with primary education > Male > % of male labor force: Labor force with primary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a primary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Labor force with secondary education > Female > % of female labor force: Labor force with secondary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a secondary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Labor force with tertiary education > % of total: Labor force with tertiary education is the proportion of labor force that has a tertiary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Steel industry jobs: Employment in the steel industry. Figures in thousand jobs.
Working time to buy > Beef: Number of minutes worked by average worker to buy one kilo of beef. The comparison of income levels only becomes meaningful if the cost of buying the necessities and luxuries of life is also considered.
Unemployment benefit as % of GDP: Expenditure on unemployment benefits as % of GDP (Year 1998).
Temporary employment share: Temporary employment, expressed as a percentage share of total dependent employment. Data for 2000
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, men aged 15 to 24: Employment-to-population ratio.
Net income from abroad > Constant LCU: Net income from abroad (constant LCU). Net income includes the net labor income and net property and entrepreneurial income components of the SNA. Labor income covers compensation of employees paid to nonresident workers. Property and entrepreneurial income covers investment income from the ownership of foreign financial claims (interest, dividends, rent, etc.) and nonfinancial property income (patents, copyrights, etc.). Data are in constant local currency.
Part time employment, male > % of total male employment: Part time employment, male (% of total male employment). Part time employment refers to regular employment in which working time is substantially less than normal. Definitions of part time employment differ by country.
Part time employment, total > % of total employment: Part time employment, total (% of total employment). Part time employment refers to regular employment in which working time is substantially less than normal. Definitions of part time employment differ by country.
Economic activity > Men aged 65 plus: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Unemployment > Youth male > % of male labor force ages 15-24: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Economic activity > Men aged 25-29: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 35-39: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 60-64: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 35-39: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Unemployment > Youth total > % of total labor force ages 15-24: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Force > Female > % of total labor force: Female labor force as a percentage of the total show the extent to which women are active in the labor force. Labor force comprises all people who meet the International Labour Organization's definition of the economically active population.
Wage and salaried workers, female > % of females employed: Wage and salaried workers, female (% of females employed). Wage and salaried workers (employees) are those workers who hold the type of jobs defined as "paid employment jobs," where the incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.
Wage and salary workers, male > % of males employed: Wage and salary workers, male (% of males employed). Wage and salaried workers (employees) are those workers who hold the type of jobs defined as "paid employment jobs," where the incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.
Contributing family workers, female > % of females employed: Contributing family workers, female (% of females employed). Contributing family workers are those workers who hold u2018self-employment jobsu2019 as own-account workers in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household.
Contributing family workers, male > % of males employed: Contributing family workers, male (% of males employed). Contributing family workers are those workers who hold "self-employment jobs" as own-account workers in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household.
Contributing family workers, total > % of total employed: Contributing family workers, total (% of total employed). Contributing family workers are those workers who hold "self-employment jobs" as own-account workers in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household.
Unemployment, youth male > % of male labor force ages 15-24: Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force ages 15-24). Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Unemployment, youth total > % of total labor force ages 15-24: Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24). Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Long-term unemployment, female > % of female unemployment: Long-term unemployment, female (% of female unemployment). Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed.
Labor force with secondary education > Male > % of male labor force: Labor force with secondary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a secondary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Labor force with primary education > Female > % of female labor force: Labor force with primary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a primary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Employees > Agriculture > Male > % of male employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing."
Employees > Agriculture > Female > % of female employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing."
Employment in agriculture > % of total employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing."
Employment in services > % of total employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Services correspond to divisions 6-9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories G-P (ISIC revision 3) and include wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services."
Labor participation rate > Total > % of total population ages 15+: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Unemployment > Unemployment with tertiary education > % of total unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organisation (UNESCO)."
Unemployment > Unemployment with primary education > Male > % of male unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organisation (UNESCO)."
Unemployment > Unemployment with secondary education > Female > % of female unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organisation (UNESCO)."
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment rate > Female: Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed."
Unemployment > Unemployment with primary education > Female > % of female unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organisation (UNESCO)."
Unemployment > Unemployment with tertiary education > Female > % of female unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organisation (UNESCO)."
Unemployment > Unemployment > Youth female > % of female labor force ages 15-24: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Unemployment > Unemployment > Youth total > % of total labor force ages 15-24: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Unemployment > Unemployment > Youth male > % of male labor force ages 15-24: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Working time to buy > Bread: Number of minutes worked by average worker to buy bread.
Net income from abroad > Current US$, % of GDP: Net income from abroad (current US$). Net income includes the net labor income and net property and entrepreneurial income components of the SNA. Labor income covers compensation of employees paid to nonresident workers. Property and entrepreneurial income covers investment income from the ownership of foreign financial claims (interest, dividends, rent, etc.) and nonfinancial property income (patents, copyrights, etc.). Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
Net income from abroad > Constant LCU per million: Net income from abroad (constant LCU). Net income includes the net labor income and net property and entrepreneurial income components of the SNA. Labor income covers compensation of employees paid to nonresident workers. Property and entrepreneurial income covers investment income from the ownership of foreign financial claims (interest, dividends, rent, etc.) and nonfinancial property income (patents, copyrights, etc.). Data are in constant local currency. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
GNI growth > Annual %: GNI growth (annual %). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.
GNI per capita > Current LCU: GNI per capita (current LCU). GNI per capita is gross national income divided by midyear population. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current local currency.
Unemployment, youth female > % of female labor force ages 15-24: Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force ages 15-24). Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Long-term unemployment, male > % of male unemployment: Long-term unemployment, male (% of male unemployment). Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed.
Unemployment, female > % of female labor force: Unemployment, female (% of female labor force). Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Unemployment > Male > % of male labor force: Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Force with secondary education > % of total: Labor force with secondary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a secondary education, as a percentage of the total labor force.
Long-term unemployment > Male > % of male unemployment: Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed.
Unemployment > Total > % of total labor force: Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > Range in regional unemployment rate > Small regions > Maximum: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks preceding the survey. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of unemployed and employed persons.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market.
The Gini index offers an accurate picture of regional disparities. It looks not only at the regions with the highest and the lowest rates of unemployment but also at the differences among all regions. The index ranges between 0 and 1: the higher its value, the larger the regional disparities. Regional disparities tend to be underestimated when the size of regions is large.
The youth unemployment rate is defined as the ratio between the unemployed person aged between 15 and 24 and the labour force in the same age group.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > Range in regional unemployment rate > Small regions > Minimum: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks preceding the survey. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of unemployed and employed persons.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market.
The Gini index offers an accurate picture of regional disparities. It looks not only at the regions with the highest and the lowest rates of unemployment but also at the differences among all regions. The index ranges between 0 and 1: the higher its value, the larger the regional disparities. Regional disparities tend to be underestimated when the size of regions is large.
The youth unemployment rate is defined as the ratio between the unemployed person aged between 15 and 24 and the labour force in the same age group.
Employment > Employment rates by gender > Employment rates > Men per million: Employment rates are calculated as the ratio of the employed to the working age population. To calculate this employment rate, the population of working age is divided into two groups: those who are employed and those who are not. Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week. Those not in employment consist of persons who are out of work but seeking employment, students and all others who have excluded themselves from the labour force for one reason or another, such as incapacity or the need to look after young children or elderly relatives.
Working age is generally defined as persons in the 15 to 64 age bracket although in some countries working age is defined as 16 to 64. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Employment > Part-time employment > Incidence of part-time employment per million: Part-time employment refers to persons who usually work less than 30 hours per week in their main job. Both employees and the self-employed may be part-time workers.
Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week. The rates shown here refer to the numbers of persons who usually work less than 30 hours per week as a percentage of the total number of those in employment. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Employees > Industry > Female > % of female employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Industry corresponds to divisions 2-5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C-F (ISIC revision 3) and includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water)."
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Total per million: Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week.
Self-employed persons include employers, own-account workers, members of producers’ co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. The last of these are unpaid in the sense that they do not have a formal contract to receive a fixed amount of income at regular intervals, but they share in the income generated by the enterprise; unpaid family workers are particularly important in farming and retail trade. Note that all persons who work in corporate enterprises, including company directors, are considered to be employees.
The rates shown here are the percentages of the self-employed in total civilian employment i.e., total employment less military employees. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Women per million: Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week.
Self-employed persons include employers, own-account workers, members of producers’ co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. The last of these are unpaid in the sense that they do not have a formal contract to receive a fixed amount of income at regular intervals, but they share in the income generated by the enterprise; unpaid family workers are particularly important in farming and retail trade. Note that all persons who work in corporate enterprises, including company directors, are considered to be employees.
The rates shown here are the percentages of the self-employed in total civilian employment i.e., total employment less military employees. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Unemployment with tertiary education > % of total unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO).
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 20-24: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 25-29: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Unemployment with tertiary education > Male > % of male unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO).
Economic activity > Women aged 30-34: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Net income from abroad > Current US$ per million: Net income from abroad (current US$). Net income includes the net labor income and net property and entrepreneurial income components of the SNA. Labor income covers compensation of employees paid to nonresident workers. Property and entrepreneurial income covers investment income from the ownership of foreign financial claims (interest, dividends, rent, etc.) and nonfinancial property income (patents, copyrights, etc.). Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Personal remittances, received > % of GDP: Personal remittances, received (% of GDP). Personal remittances comprise personal transfers and compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and nonresident individuals. Compensation of employees refers to the income of border, seasonal, and other short-term workers who are employed in an economy where they are not resident and of residents employed by nonresident entities. Data are the sum of two items defined in the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual: personal transfers and compensation of employees.
Net income from abroad > Current LCU: Net income from abroad (current LCU). Net income includes the net labor income and net property and entrepreneurial income components of the SNA. Labor income covers compensation of employees paid to nonresident workers. Property and entrepreneurial income covers investment income from the ownership of foreign financial claims (interest, dividends, rent, etc.) and nonfinancial property income (patents, copyrights, etc.). Data are in current local currency.
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment > Long-term unemployment per million: Long-term unemployment is conventionally defined either as those unemployed for 6 months or more or, as here, those unemployed for 12 months or more. The ratios calculated here show the proportion of these long-term unemployed among all unemployed.
Unemployment is defined in most OECD countries in accordance with the ILO Guidelines. Unemployment is usually measured by household labour force surveys and the unemployed are defined as those persons who report that they have worked in gainful employment for less than one hour in the previous week, who are available for work and who have taken actions to seek employment in the previous four weeks. The ILO Guidelines specify the kinds of actions that count as seeking work. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Compensation of employees > % of expense: Compensation of employees consists of all payments in cash, as well as in kind (such as food and housing), to employees in return for services rendered, and government contributions to social insurance schemes such as social security and pensions that provide benefits to employees.
Employment rate of lesser educated women: Employment rate of women aged 25-54, 2000, who are educated lesser than upper secondary level.
Unemployment > Female > % of female labor force: Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Long-term unemployment > Female > % of female unemployment: Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed.
Unemployment and education > Upper secondary: Unemployment rates among people of all ages who are educated upto Upper Secondary levels. Data is for 2000.
Long-term unemployment > % of total unemployment: Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed.
Unemployment with secondary education > Female > % of female unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO).
Force participation rate > Female > % of female population ages 15-64: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15-64 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Unemployment > Youth female > % of female labor force ages 15-24: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 40-44: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 50-54: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 55-59: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Unemployment with secondary education > Male > % of male unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO).
Steel industry jobs per million: Employment in the steel industry. Figures in thousand jobs. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Economic activity > Men aged 30-34: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 15-19: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Employment > Employment share by sector > Services > Women > Aged above 14: Percent employed in services.
Unemployment > Youth unemployment, female: Percentage of female population aged 15-24 that is unemployed.
Employment > Working more than 40 hours per week > Women > Aged above 14: Percentage of females above the age of 14 in employment, who work more than 40 hours per week.
Part time > Part time employment rate > Women: Percentage of country's females over the age of 15 that are employed only part-time.
Part time > Part time employment rate > Men: Percentage of country's males over the age of 15 that are employed only part-time.
GNI > Current LCU per capita: GNI (current LCU). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current local currency. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
Subsidies and other transfers > % of expense: Subsidies and other transfers (% of expense). Subsidies, grants, and other social benefits include all unrequited, nonrepayable transfers on current account to private and public enterprises; grants to foreign governments, international organizations, and other government units; and social security, social assistance benefits, and employer social benefits in cash and in kind.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 50-54: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Men aged 55-59: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Men aged 60-64: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 25-29: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male > %: Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male (%). Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally considered the youth population.
Employment to population ratio, 15+, female > %: Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%). Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 55-59: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 45-49: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Force participation rate > Total > % of total population ages 15-64: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15-64 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Employees, agriculture, male > % of male employment: Employees, agriculture, male (% of male employment). Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing.
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total > %: Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%). Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally considered the youth population.
Employment to population ratio, 15+, total > %: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%). Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.

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STAT	Canada	Germany
Agricultural workers > Male	5% Ranked 62nd. 67% more than Germany	3% Ranked 71st.
Employment rate > Adults	61.2 Ranked 61st. 18% more than Germany	51.7 Ranked 121st.
Expense > Current LCU	317.53 billion Ranked 50th.	770.99 billion Ranked 34th. 2 times more than Canada
GNI > Current US$	$1.82 trillion Ranked 12th.	$3.51 trillion Ranked 5th. 93% more than Canada
Hours worked > Standard workweek	44 hours Ranked 77th.	48 hours Ranked 6th. 9% more than Canada
Labor force	18.59 million Ranked 29th.	43.35 million Ranked 14th. 2 times more than Canada
Labor force > By occupation	agriculture 2%, manufacturing 13%, construction 6%, services 76%, other 3%	agriculture 2.8%, industry 33.4%, services 63.8%
Labor force > By occupation > Agriculture	2% Ranked 26th.	2.4% Ranked 42nd. 20% more than Canada
Labor force > By occupation > Services	76% Ranked 2nd. 12% more than Germany	67.8% Ranked 16th.
Labor force, total	19.34 million Ranked 31st.	42.52 million Ranked 15th. 2 times more than Canada
Rigidity of employment index	4 Ranked 164th.	44 Ranked 61st. 11 times more than Canada
Salaries and benefits > Minimum wage	The minimum wage in Canada is set by each province and territory; ranges from C$ 9.95 to C$11.00 per hour.	None; except for construction workers, electrical workers, janitors, roofers, painters, and letter carriers. Minimum wage is often set by collective bargaining agreements in other sectors of the economy and enforceable by law.
Strikes	217 Ranked 3rd. 109 times more than Germany	2 Ranked 24th.
Trade union membership	30% Ranked 9th. 15% more than Germany	26% Ranked 11th.
Unemployment rate	8% Ranked 45th. 8% more than Germany	7.4% Ranked 50th.
Female doctors	31.1% Ranked 11th.	37.1% Ranked 4th. 19% more than Canada
Labor force per 1000	544.74 Ranked 15th. 3% more than Germany	530.1 Ranked 21st.
GNI > Current US$ per capita	$52,218.99 Ranked 9th. 22% more than Germany	$42,862.34 Ranked 16th.
Labor force, total per 1000	554.5 Ranked 17th. 7% more than Germany	519.27 Ranked 35th.
Labor force participation > Employment to population ratio > Both sexes	61.8% Ranked 18th. 9% more than Germany	56.6% Ranked 38th.
Firing cost > Weeks of wages	28 weeks of wages Ranked 110th.	69.3 weeks of wages Ranked 41st. 2 times more than Canada
GNI per capita > Constant LCU	43,613.83 Ranked 48th. 41% more than Germany	30,893.27 Ranked 57th.
Expense > Current LCU per capita	9,207.96 Ranked 68th.	9,425.57 Ranked 67th. 2% more than Canada
Employment rate > Women	56.4 Ranked 35th. 26% more than Germany	44.8 Ranked 93th.
Labor force > Total	18.66 million Ranked 29th.	42.38 million Ranked 14th. 2 times more than Canada
Industrial workers > Male	32% Ranked 38th.	46% Ranked 4th. 44% more than Canada
Employment rate > Men	66.4 Ranked 101st. 12% more than Germany	59.3 Ranked 139th.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, men	65.9% Ranked 29th. 5% more than Germany	62.5% Ranked 47th.
Labor force participation > Employment to population ratio > Men	65.9% Ranked 29th. 5% more than Germany	62.5% Ranked 47th.
Compensation of employees > Current LCU	29464900000	37700000000
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment rate	7.1 Ranked 31st.	53.4 Ranked 3rd. 8 times more than Canada
Force > Total	17.65 million Ranked 32nd.	40.99 million Ranked 13th. 2 times more than Canada
Force > Total > Per capita	0.546 per capita Ranked 11th. 10% more than Germany	0.497 per capita Ranked 39th.
Female decision makers	35% Ranked 15th. 30% more than Germany	27% Ranked 35th.
Agricultural workers > Female	2% Ranked 62nd. The same as Germany	2% Ranked 59th.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Industry > Men > Aged above 14	32.1% Ranked 36th.	40.9% Ranked 8th. 27% more than Canada
Employment > Percent of population are employees > Women	88.6% Ranked 26th.	90.6% Ranked 19th. 2% more than Canada
Unemployment > Youth unemployment, both sexes	14.1% Ranked 51st. 66% more than Germany	8.5% Ranked 62nd.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > National unemployment rate	6.3% Ranked 15th.	10.36% Ranked 3rd. 64% more than Canada
GNI > Current LCU	1.82 trillion Ranked 68th.	2.73 trillion Ranked 62nd. 50% more than Canada
Unemployment	7.3% Ranked 5th.	7.7% Ranked 4th. 5% more than Canada
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Women	8.05% Ranked 21st.	9.24% Ranked 17th. 15% more than Canada
Female economic activity	60.1% Ranked 51st. 25% more than Germany	47.9% Ranked 98th.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, women	57.9% Ranked 14th. 14% more than Germany	51% Ranked 29th.
Labor force participation > Employment to population ratio > Women	57.9% Ranked 14th. 14% more than Germany	51% Ranked 29th.
Labor force > Per capita	537.58 per 1,000 people Ranked 25th. 2% more than Germany	528.39 per 1,000 people Ranked 29th.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 30-34	88.22% Ranked 60th. 2% more than Germany	86.82% Ranked 68th.
Industrial workers > Female	11% Ranked 57th.	19% Ranked 25th. 73% more than Canada
Work Time > More than 40 hours	54.7% Ranked 8th. 25% more than Germany	43.7% Ranked 11th.
Employment rate > Young adults	60.6 Ranked 20th. 37% more than Germany	44.3 Ranked 68th.
Female professionals	53% Ranked 21st. 6% more than Germany	50% Ranked 31st.
Net income from abroad > Current US$	0.0 Ranked 36th.	$81.86 billion Ranked 3rd.
Unemployment gender ratio	96% Ranked 22nd.	113% Ranked 16th. 18% more than Canada
Part time employment rate > Men > Aged above 14	10.8% Ranked 5th. 46% more than Germany	7.4% Ranked 13th.
Employment > Employment rates by gender > Employment rates > Men	77.16% Ranked 16th. 3% more than Germany	74.74% Ranked 19th.
Rigidity of employment index > 0=less rigid to 100=more rigid	4 Ranked 164th.	42 Ranked 36th. 11 times more than Canada
Employment > Percent of population are employees > Men	80.9% Ranked 27th.	85.3% Ranked 11th. 5% more than Canada
Employment > Employment share by sector > Agriculture > Men > Aged above 14	3.7% Ranked 58th. 28% more than Germany	2.9% Ranked 62nd.
Service workers > Male	63% Ranked 11th. 26% more than Germany	50% Ranked 41st.
Female economic activity growth	4% Ranked 75th.	0.0 Ranked 105th.
Employment rate > Young men	59.1 Ranked 40th. 28% more than Germany	46.3 Ranked 86th.
Employment rate > Young women	62.1 Ranked 15th. 48% more than Germany	42.1 Ranked 53th.
Unemployment > Unemployment rates > Unemployment rates > Total	6% Ranked 14th.	8.4% Ranked 4th. 40% more than Canada
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 65 plus	6.05% Ranked 142nd. 3 times more than Germany	2.3% Ranked 158th.
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Total	9.31% Ranked 25th.	12.05% Ranked 22nd. 29% more than Canada
GDP per person employed > Constant 1990 PPP $	$49,077.00 Ranked 11th. 15% more than Germany	$42,588.00 Ranked 23th.
GNI > Constant LCU	1.52 trillion Ranked 44th.	2.53 trillion Ranked 32nd. 66% more than Canada
GNI > Constant LCU per capita	43,613.83 Ranked 48th. 41% more than Germany	30,893.27 Ranked 57th.
GNI per capita > Constant 2000 US$	$35,992.14 Ranked 17th.	$38,418.73 Ranked 10th. 7% more than Canada
Service workers > Female	86% Ranked 10th. 9% more than Germany	79% Ranked 35th.
Long term unemployment	0.8% Ranked 22nd.	3.9% Ranked 9th. 5 times more than Canada
Part time employment rate > Women > Aged above 14	26.9% Ranked 14th.	39.4% Ranked 5th. 46% more than Canada
Employment > Percent of population are employers > Women	11.2% Ranked 2nd. 4 times more than Germany	2.5% Ranked 29th.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Agriculture > Women > Aged above 14	1.6% Ranked 55th.	1.7% Ranked 52nd. 6% more than Canada
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, women aged 15 to 24	58.9% Ranked 19th. 51% more than Germany	39.1% Ranked 69th.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, men aged above 14	67.5% Ranked 114th. 16% more than Germany	58% Ranked 152nd.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, women aged above 14	57.2% Ranked 36th. 25% more than Germany	45.7% Ranked 100th.
Unemployment > Youth unemployment, male	15.9% Ranked 40th. 75% more than Germany	9.1% Ranked 60th.
Gender division of housework	2.25 Ranked 4th. 7% more than Germany	2.1 Ranked 7th.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 45-49	86.82% Ranked 52nd. 1% more than Germany	86.18% Ranked 57th.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > National unemployment rate per million	0.187% Ranked 20th. 48% more than Germany	0.126% Ranked 24th.
Foreign labor force	19.2% Ranked 3rd. 2 times more than Germany	8.8% Ranked 7th.
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment > Long-term unemployment	7.46% Ranked 27th.	56.63% Ranked 2nd. 8 times more than Canada
Total work time > Males	429 minutes Ranked 11th.	441 minutes Ranked 10th. 3% more than Canada
Employment > Employment share by sector > Industry > Women > Aged above 14	10.6% Ranked 55th.	16.1% Ranked 26th. 52% more than Canada
Employment > Employment share by sector > Services > Men > Aged above 14	64.2% Ranked 10th. 14% more than Germany	56.1% Ranked 29th.
Employment > Percent of population are employers > Men	19% Ranked 2nd. 3 times more than Germany	6.9% Ranked 27th.
Working time to buy > A car	1,552 hours Ranked 5th. 80% more than Germany	861 hours Ranked 15th.
Technicians in RandD > Per million people	770.13 per million people Ranked 8th.	1,089.28 per million people Ranked 8th. 41% more than Canada
Work time > Market-oriented	53% Ranked 12th. 20% more than Germany	44% Ranked 29th.
Total work time > Females	420 minutes Ranked 21st.	440 minutes Ranked 13th. 5% more than Canada
Economic activity > Women aged 40-44	85.51% Ranked 42nd. 10% more than Germany	77.94% Ranked 65th.
Working time to buy > Milk	5 minutes Ranked 6th. 3 times more than Germany	2 minutes Ranked 16th.
Working time to buy > Chicken	16 minutes Ranked 12th. Twice as much as Germany	8 minutes Ranked 16th.
Economic activity > Men aged 35-39	94.31% Ranked 160th.	97.74% Ranked 67th. 4% more than Canada
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 15-19	49.04% Ranked 49th. 43% more than Germany	34.23% Ranked 100th.
Economic activity > Men aged 15-19	50.37% Ranked 68th. 39% more than Germany	36.34% Ranked 108th.
Economic activity > Men aged 20-24	80.78% Ranked 114th. 3% more than Germany	78.16% Ranked 141st.
Total work time > Females over males	98% Ranked 27th.	100% Ranked 23th. 2% more than Canada
Employment rate of highly educated women	79.8% Ranked 15th.	83.4% Ranked 10th. 5% more than Canada
Unemployment and education > Tertiary	3.8% Ranked 5th.	4% Ranked 4th. 5% more than Canada
Researchers in labor force	58 per 10000 people Ranked 10th.	60 per 10000 people Ranked 9th. 3% more than Canada
Work time > Non-market-oriented	47% Ranked 18th.	56% Ranked 1st. 19% more than Canada
Unemployment with tertiary education > Female > % of female unemployment	42.2% Ranked 6th. 3 times more than Germany	12.5% Ranked 21st.
Unemployment > Unemployment with tertiary education > Male > % of male unemployment	26.7% Ranked 11th. 3 times more than Germany	10.3% Ranked 45th.
Economic activity > Women aged 20-24	77.19% Ranked 28th. 2% more than Germany	75.37% Ranked 38th.
Economic activity > Women aged 65 plus	3.55% Ranked 130th. 3 times more than Germany	1.31% Ranked 155th.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 60-64	34.68% Ranked 117th. 82% more than Germany	19.06% Ranked 155th.
Employment in industry > % of total employment	21.6% Ranked 48th.	29.7% Ranked 7th. 37% more than Canada
Temporary employment share per million	0.812% Ranked 14th. 5 times more than Germany	0.153% Ranked 23th.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > Gini index of regional unemployment rates > Small regions	0.276 Year 2006 Ranked 5th. 23% more than Germany	0.225 Year 2006 Ranked 7th.
Net income from abroad > Current LCU per million	0.0 Ranked 36th.	777.51 million Ranked 21st.
Long term unemployment > Share	9.5% Ranked 25th.	51.5% Ranked 6th. 5 times more than Canada
Unemployment > Unemployment > Total > % of total labor force	6.1% Ranked 38th.	7.5% Ranked 21st. 23% more than Canada
Labor force > Female > % of total labor force	46.9% Ranked 40th. 3% more than Germany	45.44% Ranked 67th.
Share of women employed in the nonagricultural sector > % of total nonagricultural employment	49.8% Ranked 17th. 6% more than Germany	46.9% Ranked 34th.
Employment > Part-time employment > Incidence of part-time employment	18.1% Ranked 10th. 3% more than Germany	17.58% Ranked 12th.
Unemployment > Unemployed youths per unemployed adult > Women > Aged 15 to 24	1.9 ratio Ranked 56th. 46% more than Germany	1.3 ratio Ranked 67th.
Unemployment > Unemployed youths per unemployed adult > Men > Aged 15 to 24	2.5 Ranked 42nd. 67% more than Germany	1.5 Ranked 65th.
Employment > Underemployment > Working less than 20 hours per week > Women > Aged above 14	12.7% Ranked 11th.	21.7% Ranked 4th. 71% more than Canada
Employment > Underemployment > Working less than 20 hours per week > Men > Aged above 14	5.8% Ranked 6th. 18% more than Germany	4.9% Ranked 9th.
GNI > Current US$, % of GDP	100% Ranked 49th.	103.25% Ranked 19th. 3% more than Canada
Expense > % of GDP	18.04% Ranked 82nd.	29.54% Ranked 46th. 64% more than Canada
Economic activity > Men aged 40-44	94.03% Ranked 156th.	97.52% Ranked 46th. 4% more than Canada
Unemployment > Unemployment rates > Unemployment rates > Total per million	0.178% Ranked 21st. 73% more than Germany	0.103% Ranked 25th.
Economic activity > Men aged 45-49	92.91% Ranked 151st.	96.81% Ranked 57th. 4% more than Canada
Economic activity > Men aged 50-54	88.66% Ranked 135th.	93.17% Ranked 81st. 5% more than Canada
Employees, agriculture, female > % of female employment	1.3% Ranked 76th. 18% more than Germany	1.1% Ranked 50th.
Employment > Working more than 40 hours per week > Men > Aged above 14	68.8% Ranked 19th. 9% more than Germany	63.2% Ranked 21st.
Force with tertiary education > % of total	52.5% Ranked 1st. 2 times more than Germany	23.8% Ranked 19th.
Self-employed, female > % of females employed	8% Ranked 68th.	8.3% Ranked 53th. 4% more than Canada
Self-employed, male > % of males employed	9.9% Ranked 78th.	14.3% Ranked 56th. 44% more than Canada
Self-employed, total > % of total employed	9% Ranked 80th.	11.6% Ranked 56th. 29% more than Canada
Employment to population ratio, 15+, male > %	65.7% Ranked 112th. 5% more than Germany	62.6% Ranked 127th.
Force participation rate > Male > % of male population ages 15-64	82.56% Ranked 90th. 4% more than Germany	79.3% Ranked 118th.
Wage and salaried workers, total > % of total employed	91% Ranked 8th. 3% more than Germany	88.4% Ranked 11th.
Employees, industry, female > % of female employment	10.2% Ranked 67th.	14.2% Ranked 26th. 39% more than Canada
Employees, industry, male > % of male employment	31.7% Ranked 46th.	40.2% Ranked 7th. 27% more than Canada
Employees, services, female > % of female employment	88.7% Ranked 17th. 5% more than Germany	84.7% Ranked 22nd.
Employees, services, male > % of male employment	65.4% Ranked 13th. 13% more than Germany	57.9% Ranked 26th.
Part time employment, female > % of total part time employment	67% Ranked 23th.	78.7% Ranked 6th. 17% more than Canada
Unemployment, male > % of male labor force	7.7% Ranked 42nd. 37% more than Germany	5.6% Ranked 57th.
Unemployment, total > % of total labor force	7.2% Ranked 47th. 33% more than Germany	5.4% Ranked 61st.
Force with primary education > % of total	17.2% Ranked 30th.	17.3% Ranked 29th. 1% more than Canada
Force > Total per 1000	546.1 Ranked 12th. 10% more than Germany	497.05 Ranked 42nd.
Employees > Services > Female > % of female employment	88% Ranked 12th. 7% more than Germany	82.5% Ranked 14th.
Labor force with primary education > % of total	13.8% Ranked 46th.	17% Ranked 39th. 23% more than Canada
Labor force with secondary education > % of total	40% Ranked 35th.	59% Ranked 14th. 48% more than Canada
Labor force with primary education > Male > % of male labor force	15.6% Ranked 43th.	16.3% Ranked 40th. 4% more than Canada
Labor force with secondary education > Female > % of female labor force	36.6% Ranked 35th.	60.7% Ranked 8th. 66% more than Canada
Labor force with tertiary education > % of total	46.2% Ranked 4th. 93% more than Germany	23.9% Ranked 28th.
Steel industry jobs	56 thousand jobs Ranked 8th.	77 thousand jobs Ranked 4th. 38% more than Canada
Working time to buy > Beef	48 minutes Ranked 12th. 60% more than Germany	30 minutes Ranked 16th.
Unemployment benefit as % of GDP	1% of GDP Ranked 11th.	1.3% of GDP Ranked 9th. 30% more than Canada
Temporary employment share	25% Ranked 2nd. 98% more than Germany	12.6% Ranked 12th.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, men aged 15 to 24	58.9% Ranked 47th. 36% more than Germany	43.3% Ranked 113th.
Net income from abroad > Constant LCU	0.0 Ranked 21st.	59.02 billion Ranked 9th.
Part time employment, male > % of total male employment	11.8% Ranked 12th. 33% more than Germany	8.9% Ranked 25th.
Part time employment, total > % of total employment	18.8% Ranked 18th.	22.6% Ranked 7th. 20% more than Canada
Economic activity > Men aged 65 plus	9.41% Ranked 139th. 2 times more than Germany	3.91% Ranked 155th.
Unemployment > Youth male > % of male labor force ages 15-24	14.2% Ranked 32nd.	16.1% Ranked 27th. 13% more than Canada
Economic activity > Men aged 25-29	92.76% Ranked 143th. 5% more than Germany	87.94% Ranked 165th.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 35-39	89.55% Ranked 53th. 1% more than Germany	88.34% Ranked 60th.
Economic activity > Women aged 60-64	23.16% Ranked 93th. 3 times more than Germany	8.93% Ranked 150th.
Economic activity > Women aged 35-39	84.66% Ranked 44th. 8% more than Germany	78.05% Ranked 65th.
Unemployment > Youth total > % of total labor force ages 15-24	12.4% Ranked 38th.	15.2% Ranked 32nd. 23% more than Canada
Force > Female > % of total labor force	46.36% Ranked 43th. 3% more than Germany	45.17% Ranked 56th.
Wage and salaried workers, female > % of females employed	92% Ranked 16th. About the same as Germany	91.7% Ranked 11th.
Wage and salary workers, male > % of males employed	90.1% Ranked 6th. 5% more than Germany	85.7% Ranked 10th.
Contributing family workers, female > % of females employed	0.1% Ranked 72nd.	0.8% Ranked 42nd. 8 times more than Canada
Contributing family workers, male > % of males employed	0.1% Ranked 70th.	0.3% Ranked 48th. 3 times more than Canada
Contributing family workers, total > % of total employed	0.1% Ranked 77th.	0.5% Ranked 49th. 5 times more than Canada
Unemployment, youth male > % of male labor force ages 15-24	15.9% Ranked 42nd. 81% more than Germany	8.8% Ranked 66th.
Unemployment, youth total > % of total labor force ages 15-24	14.3% Ranked 51st. 77% more than Germany	8.1% Ranked 71st.
Long-term unemployment, female > % of female unemployment	0.8% Ranked 48th.	2.3% Ranked 30th. 3 times more than Canada
Labor force with secondary education > Male > % of male labor force	43.1% Ranked 31st.	57.6% Ranked 16th. 34% more than Canada
Labor force with primary education > Female > % of female labor force	11.8% Ranked 43th.	17.9% Ranked 34th. 52% more than Canada
Employees > Agriculture > Male > % of male employment	3.4% Ranked 58th. 21% more than Germany	2.8% Ranked 24th.
Employees > Agriculture > Female > % of female employment	1.5% Ranked 54th.	1.6% Ranked 21st. 7% more than Canada
Employment in agriculture > % of total employment	2.5% Ranked 58th. 14% more than Germany	2.2% Ranked 24th.
Employment in services > % of total employment	75.9% Ranked 11th. 12% more than Germany	68% Ranked 13th.
Labor participation rate > Total > % of total population ages 15+	67.3% Ranked 62nd. 13% more than Germany	59.8% Ranked 121st.
Unemployment > Unemployment with tertiary education > % of total unemployment	31.2% Ranked 13th. 3 times more than Germany	10.6% Ranked 51st.
Unemployment > Unemployment with primary education > Male > % of male unemployment	29.7% Ranked 45th.	33.8% Ranked 40th. 14% more than Canada
Unemployment > Unemployment with secondary education > Female > % of female unemployment	37.9% Ranked 44th.	56.9% Ranked 13th. 50% more than Canada
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment rate > Female	6.1 Ranked 30th.	52.7 Ranked 6th. 9 times more than Canada
Unemployment > Unemployment with primary education > Female > % of female unemployment	25.3% Ranked 46th.	32.2% Ranked 34th. 27% more than Canada
Unemployment > Unemployment with tertiary education > Female > % of female unemployment	36.8% Ranked 13th. 3 times more than Germany	10.9% Ranked 51st.
Unemployment > Unemployment > Youth female > % of female labor force ages 15-24	10% Ranked 53th. 1% more than Germany	9.9% Ranked 26th.
Unemployment > Unemployment > Youth total > % of total labor force ages 15-24	11.2% Ranked 45th. 7% more than Germany	10.5% Ranked 24th.
Unemployment > Unemployment > Youth male > % of male labor force ages 15-24	12.3% Ranked 45th. 12% more than Germany	11% Ranked 26th.
Working time to buy > Bread	7 minutes Ranked 12th. The same as Germany	7 minutes Ranked 14th.
Net income from abroad > Current US$, % of GDP	0.0 Ranked 34th.	2.41% Ranked 16th.
Net income from abroad > Constant LCU per million	0.0 Ranked 21st.	720.75 million Ranked 14th.
GNI growth > Annual %	1.71% Ranked 75th. 2 times more than Germany	0.806% Ranked 82nd.
GNI per capita > Current LCU	52,177.22 Ranked 91st. 57% more than Germany	33,338.32 Ranked 106th.
Unemployment, youth female > % of female labor force ages 15-24	12.6% Ranked 56th. 70% more than Germany	7.4% Ranked 68th.
Long-term unemployment, male > % of male unemployment	0.9% Ranked 46th.	2.6% Ranked 28th. 3 times more than Canada
Unemployment, female > % of female labor force	6.8% Ranked 53th. 31% more than Germany	5.2% Ranked 63th.
Unemployment > Male > % of male labor force	7.5% Ranked 36th.	10.2% Ranked 20th. 36% more than Canada
Force with secondary education > % of total	30.3% Ranked 31st.	58.9% Ranked 10th. 94% more than Canada
Long-term unemployment > Male > % of male unemployment	11.4% Ranked 26th.	48.3% Ranked 6th. 4 times more than Canada
Unemployment > Total > % of total labor force	7.2% Ranked 46th.	9.8% Ranked 27th. 36% more than Canada
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > Range in regional unemployment rate > Small regions > Maximum	21.98% Ranked 3rd.	23.82% Ranked 1st. 8% more than Canada
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > Range in regional unemployment rate > Small regions > Minimum	2.62% Ranked 19th.	5.48% Ranked 3rd. 2 times more than Canada
Employment > Employment rates by gender > Employment rates > Men per million	2.29% Ranked 19th. 3 times more than Germany	0.913% Ranked 27th.
Employment > Part-time employment > Incidence of part-time employment per million	0.537% Ranked 15th. 3 times more than Germany	0.215% Ranked 23th.
Employees > Industry > Female > % of female employment	10.5% Ranked 51st.	15.9% Ranked 11th. 51% more than Canada
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Total per million	0.276% Ranked 25th. 88% more than Germany	0.147% Ranked 27th.
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Women per million	0.239% Ranked 24th. 2 times more than Germany	0.113% Ranked 26th.
Unemployment with tertiary education > % of total unemployment	40.2% Ranked 5th. 3 times more than Germany	12.4% Ranked 23th.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 20-24	79.01% Ranked 44th. 3% more than Germany	76.83% Ranked 57th.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 25-29	88.37% Ranked 38th. 6% more than Germany	83.14% Ranked 76th.
Unemployment with tertiary education > Male > % of male unemployment	38.6% Ranked 4th. 3 times more than Germany	12.3% Ranked 18th.
Economic activity > Women aged 30-34	82.45% Ranked 47th. 8% more than Germany	76.28% Ranked 68th.
Net income from abroad > Current US$ per million	0.0 Ranked 36th.	$999.62 million Ranked 8th.
Personal remittances, received > % of GDP	0.0662% Ranked 134th.	0.407% Ranked 102nd. 6 times more than Canada
Net income from abroad > Current LCU	0.0 Ranked 36th.	63.67 billion Ranked 10th.
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment > Long-term unemployment per million	0.221% Ranked 27th.	0.691% Ranked 21st. 3 times more than Canada
Compensation of employees > % of expense	12.04% Ranked 60th. 2 times more than Germany	5.38% Ranked 72nd.
Employment rate of lesser educated women	52% Ranked 13th.	55.4% Ranked 10th. 7% more than Canada
Unemployment > Female > % of female labor force	6.8% Ranked 48th.	9.3% Ranked 36th. 37% more than Canada
Long-term unemployment > Female > % of female unemployment	8.4% Ranked 26th.	52.3% Ranked 5th. 6 times more than Canada
Unemployment and education > Upper secondary	5.8% Ranked 5th.	7.8% Ranked 3rd. 34% more than Canada
Long-term unemployment > % of total unemployment	10.1% Ranked 26th.	50% Ranked 5th. 5 times more than Canada
Unemployment with secondary education > Female > % of female unemployment	31.6% Ranked 44th.	61.9% Ranked 10th. 96% more than Canada
Force participation rate > Female > % of female population ages 15-64	72.78% Ranked 26th. 8% more than Germany	67.36% Ranked 43th.
Unemployment > Youth female > % of female labor force ages 15-24	10.6% Ranked 41st.	14% Ranked 35th. 32% more than Canada
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 40-44	89.81% Ranked 45th. 2% more than Germany	88.05% Ranked 59th.
Economic activity > Women aged 50-54	71.91% Ranked 52nd. 6% more than Germany	67.58% Ranked 65th.
Economic activity > Women aged 55-59	49.78% Ranked 66th. 16% more than Germany	42.78% Ranked 81st.
Unemployment with secondary education > Male > % of male unemployment	30.2% Ranked 46th.	60.1% Ranked 11th. Twice as much as Canada
Steel industry jobs per million	1.82 thousand jobs Ranked 3rd. 94% more than Germany	0.937 thousand jobs Ranked 10th.
Economic activity > Men aged 30-34	93.91% Ranked 162nd.	96.4% Ranked 132nd. 3% more than Canada
Economic activity > Women aged 15-19	47.65% Ranked 45th. 49% more than Germany	31.98% Ranked 77th.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Services > Women > Aged above 14	87.9% Ranked 10th. 7% more than Germany	82.1% Ranked 33th.
Unemployment > Youth unemployment, female	12.3% Ranked 52nd. 58% more than Germany	7.8% Ranked 64th.
Employment > Working more than 40 hours per week > Women > Aged above 14	36.3% Ranked 19th. 19% more than Germany	30.6% Ranked 21st.
Part time > Part time employment rate > Women	26.9% Ranked 14th.	39.4% Ranked 5th. 46% more than Canada
Part time > Part time employment rate > Men	10.8% Ranked 5th. 46% more than Germany	7.4% Ranked 13th.
GNI > Current LCU per capita	52,177.22 Ranked 91st. 57% more than Germany	33,338.32 Ranked 106th.
Subsidies and other transfers > % of expense	69.43% Ranked 14th.	81.65% Ranked 1st. 18% more than Canada
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 50-54	80.31% Ranked 62nd.	80.34% Ranked 61st. The same as Canada
Economic activity > Men aged 55-59	74.04% Ranked 143th.	74.48% Ranked 141st. 1% more than Canada
Economic activity > Men aged 60-64	46.65% Ranked 126th. 56% more than Germany	29.84% Ranked 149th.
Economic activity > Women aged 25-29	83.9% Ranked 31st. 8% more than Germany	77.78% Ranked 55th.
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male > %	53.3% Ranked 51st. 11% more than Germany	48.2% Ranked 73th.
Employment to population ratio, 15+, female > %	57.4% Ranked 48th. 13% more than Germany	50.8% Ranked 72nd.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 55-59	61.86% Ranked 85th. 6% more than Germany	58.45% Ranked 97th.
Employment rate > Source / date of > Information	2003 OECD .	2003 OECD .
Economic activity > Women aged 45-49	80.74% Ranked 45th. 7% more than Germany	75.44% Ranked 58th.
Force participation rate > Total > % of total population ages 15-64	77.7% Ranked 31st. 6% more than Germany	73.41% Ranked 57th.
Employees, agriculture, male > % of male employment	3.3% Ranked 80th. 74% more than Germany	1.9% Ranked 56th.
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total > %	54.3% Ranked 32nd. 17% more than Germany	46.3% Ranked 54th.
Employment to population ratio, 15+, total > %	61.5% Ranked 68th. 9% more than Germany	56.5% Ranked 101st.

SOURCES: ILO (International Labour Organization). 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; International Labour Organisation, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database.; International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files. World Bank World Development Indicators.; World Bank national accounts data; Wikipedia: List of minimum wages by country (Countries) ("Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013" . State.gov . Retrieved 2014-03-04 .); CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011; All CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 18 December 2008; International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database.; World Development Indicators database; Wikipedia: List of minimum wages by country (Countries); OECD; Figures are from the OECD. The figures are from EIRO for France, Ireland and Italy; OECD Health Data 2002 (CD ROM) available year for Australia, Japan = 1998; Denmark = 1995; 1980 figures for Canada and France are interpolated; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Bank national accounts data. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files. World Bank World Development Indicators. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; International Labour Organisation, using World Bank population estimates.; United Nations Statistics Division Original html; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; calculated on the basis of occupational data from ILO (International Labour Organization). 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; OECD Country statistical profiles 2009; OECD Historical Statistics; calculated on the basis of data on the economically active population and total population from ILO (International Labour Organization). 2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; United Nations Statistics Division Original html; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Economic activity rate and economically active population, by sex, thirteen age groups, 1950-2010 (ILO estimates and projections) are data from the International Labour Union (ILO). Source details: ILO, Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, fourth edition, diskette database (Geneva, 1997). The latest set of estimates and projections covering the period 1950-2010 (4th edition) was released by ILO in December 1996. These data are updated every five-ten years by ILO and a new set of these data is in preparation; ILO, Key Indicators; calculated on the basis of data on male and female unemployment rates from OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2001. Employment Outlook 2001. Paris; http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=GenderStat&f=inID%3a109, Part-time employment rate; World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/).; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2001. Employment Outlook. Paris; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Jeanne A. Batalova and Philip N. Cohen, 'Premarital Cohabitation and Housework: Couples in Cross-National Perspective', Journal of Marriage and Family 64, August 2002, p.748; OECD Country statistical profiles 2009. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Harvey, Andrew S. 1995 ?Market and Non-Market Productive Activity in Less Developed and Developing Countries: Lessons from Time Use.? Background Paper for Human Development Report 1995. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, Goldshmidt-Clermont, Luisella, and Elisabetta Pagnossin Aligisakis. 1995. ?Measures of Unrecorded Economic Activities in Fourteen Countries.? Background paper for Human Development Report; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; International Metalworkers' Federation, The Purchasing Power of Working Time 2002: An International Comparison of Average Net Hourly Earnings 2001 (International Metalworkers' Federation, Geneva, 2002); OECD Employment Outlook 2002, p.74; OECD, Employment Outlook 2002; OECD; OECD. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; OECD; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=GenderStat&f=inID%3a118, Percent working less than 20 hrs/week; http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=GenderStat&f=inID%3a118, Percent working less than 20 hrs/week; World Bank national accounts data. GDP figures sourced from World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, and World Bank and OECD GDP estimates. World Bank World Development Indicators.; http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=40+hrs%2fweek&d=GenderStat&f=inID%3a119, Percent working more than 40 hrs/week.; World Development Indicators database. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; International Iron and Steel Institute 2006 report; Annex to GECD Society at a Glance 2002; World Bank staff estimates; International Iron and Steel Institute 2006 report. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Wikipedia: List of countries by employment rate

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