Labor Stats: compare key data on Australia & Canada

Definitions

Agricultural workers > Male: Proportion of employed males engaged in the agricultural sector. Employment by economic activity (%) (most recent year available between 1995 and 2001). Note: As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of labour statistics over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see ILO (2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; and 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002). The percentage shares of employment by economic activity may not sum to 100 because of rounding or the omission of activities not classified.
Employment rate > Adults: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.
Expense > Current LCU: Expense (current LCU). Expense is cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services. It includes compensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, grants, social benefits, and other expenses such as rent and dividends.
GNI > Current US$: GNI (current US$). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Hours worked > Standard workweek: Standard workweek (hours).
Labor force: The total labor force figure
Labor force > By occupation: Component parts of the labor force by occupation.
Labor force > By occupation > Agriculture: This entry lists the percentage distribution of the labor force by occupation. The distribution will total less than 100 percent if the data are incomplete.
Labor force > By occupation > Services: This entry lists the percentage distribution of the labor force by occupation. The distribution will total less than 100 percent if the data are incomplete.
Labor force, total: Labor force, total. Total labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector.
Rigidity of employment index: The rigidity of employment index measures the regulation of employment, specifically the hiring and firing of workers and the rigidity of working hours. This index is the average of three subindexes: a difficulty of hiring index, a rigidity of hours index, and a difficulty of firing index. The index ranges from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating more rigid regulations.
Salaries and benefits > Hourly minimum wage: Hourly minimum wage at international USD (this means that discrepancies in purchasing power have been compensated for).
Salaries and benefits > Minimum wage: Minimum wage.
No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.
Trade union membership: Union members as % of all employees. Figures are for 2000.
Unemployment rate: The percent of the labor force that is without jobs. Substantial underemployment might be noted.
Strikes: Strikes five-year average in days not worked per 1000 employees (1996-2000)
Female doctors: Female doctors as % of the total - 2000.
Labor force per 1000: The total labor force figure. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
GNI > Current US$ per capita: GNI (current US$). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
Labor force, total per 1000: Labor force, total. Total labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Labor force participation > Employment to population ratio > Both sexes: Percentage of unemployed people out of total population able to work. Workers not able to work due to labor disputes, sickness and childcare do not count towards the percentage.
Firing cost > Weeks of wages: Firing cost is the cost of advance notice requirements, severance payments, and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weekly wages. One month is recorded as 4 1/3 weeks.
GNI per capita > Constant LCU: GNI per capita (constant LCU). GNI per capita is gross national income divided by midyear population. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant local currency.
Expense > Current LCU per capita: Expense (current LCU). Expense is cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services. It includes compensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, grants, social benefits, and other expenses such as rent and dividends. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
Employment rate > Women: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.
Labor force > Total: Total labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who meet the International Labour Organisation definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector."
Industrial workers > Male: Proportion of employed males engaged in the industrial sector. Employment by economic activity (%) (most recent year available between 1995 and 2001). Note: As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of labour statistics over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see ILO (2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; and 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002). The percentage shares of employment by economic activity may not sum to 100 because of rounding or the omission of activities not classified.
Employment rate > Men: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, men: Employment-to-population ratio, men, percentage.
Labor force participation > Employment to population ratio > Men: Percentage of unemployed men out of total male population able to work. Men not able to work due to labor disputes, sickness and childcare do not count towards the percentage.
Compensation of employees > Current LCU: Compensation of employees consists of all payments in cash, as well as in kind (such as food and housing), to employees in return for services rendered, and government contributions to social insurance schemes such as social security and pensions that provide benefits to employees.
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment rate: Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed."
Force > Total: Total labor force comprises people who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector.
Force > Total > Per capita: Total labor force comprises people who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector. Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
Female decision makers: Female legislators, senior officials and managers (as % of total). Data refer to the latest year available during the period 1991-2000. Those for countries that have implemented the recent International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88) are not strictly comparable with those for countries using the previous classification (ISCO-68).
Agricultural workers > Female: Proportion of employed females engaged in the agricultural sector. Employment by economic activity (%) (most recent year available between 1995 and 2001). Note: As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of labour statistics over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see ILO (2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; and 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002). The percentage shares of employment by economic activity may not sum to 100 because of rounding or the omission of activities not classified.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Industry > Men > Aged above 14: Percent employed in industry.
Employment > Percent of population are employees > Women: Number of female self-reported employees (formal or informal), expressed as a percentage of the total female employed population.
Unemployment > Youth unemployment, both sexes: Percentage of population aged 15-24 that is unemployed.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > National unemployment rate: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks preceding the survey. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of unemployed and employed persons.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market.
The Gini index offers an accurate picture of regional disparities. It looks not only at the regions with the highest and the lowest rates of unemployment but also at the differences among all regions. The index ranges between 0 and 1: the higher its value, the larger the regional disparities. Regional disparities tend to be underestimated when the size of regions is large.
The youth unemployment rate is defined as the ratio between the unemployed person aged between 15 and 24 and the labour force in the same age group.
GNI > Current LCU: GNI (current LCU). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current local currency.
Unemployment: Unemployed as proportion of the total labour force. Data for 2000-2002.
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Women: Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week.
Self-employed persons include employers, own-account workers, members of producers’ co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. The last of these are unpaid in the sense that they do not have a formal contract to receive a fixed amount of income at regular intervals, but they share in the income generated by the enterprise; unpaid family workers are particularly important in farming and retail trade. Note that all persons who work in corporate enterprises, including company directors, are considered to be employees.
The rates shown here are the percentages of the self-employed in total civilian employment i.e., total employment less military employees.
Female economic activity: Female economic activity rate (aged 15 and above) in 2000.
Labor force participation > Employment to population ratio > Women: Percentage of unemployed women out of total female population able to work. Women not able to work due to labor disputes, sickness and childcare do not count towards the percentage.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, women: Employment-to-population ratio, women, percentage.
Labor force > Per capita: The total labor force figure Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 30-34: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Days off work: Number of days not worked for every 1000 salaried employees. Selected OECD countries only. Data for 2000.
Industrial workers > Female: Proportion of employed females engaged in the industrial sector. Employment by economic activity (%) (most recent year available between 1995 and 2001). Note: As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of labour statistics over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see ILO (2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; and 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002). The percentage shares of employment by economic activity may not sum to 100 because of rounding or the omission of activities not classified.
Work Time > More than 40 hours: Percentage of persons in employment working more than 40 hours/week. Data is for 2000.
Employment rate > Young adults: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally considered the youth population.
Female professionals: Female professional and technical workers (as % of total)
Net income from abroad > Current US$: Net income from abroad (current US$). Net income includes the net labor income and net property and entrepreneurial income components of the SNA. Labor income covers compensation of employees paid to nonresident workers. Property and entrepreneurial income covers investment income from the ownership of foreign financial claims (interest, dividends, rent, etc.) and nonfinancial property income (patents, copyrights, etc.). Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Unemployment gender ratio: Female unemployment rate as a % of the male unemployment rate.
Part time employment rate > Men > Aged above 14: Percent of males over the age of 14 years who work less than 30 hours a week (either as employees or self-employed) as a percentage of all males in employment.
Employment > Employment rates by gender > Employment rates > Men: Employment rates are calculated as the ratio of the employed to the working age population. To calculate this employment rate, the population of working age is divided into two groups: those who are employed and those who are not. Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week. Those not in employment consist of persons who are out of work but seeking employment, students and all others who have excluded themselves from the labour force for one reason or another, such as incapacity or the need to look after young children or elderly relatives.
Working age is generally defined as persons in the 15 to 64 age bracket although in some countries working age is defined as 16 to 64.
Rigidity of employment index > 0=less rigid to 100=more rigid: The rigidity of employment index measures the regulation of employment, specifically the hiring and firing of workers and the rigidity of working hours. This index is the average of three subindexes: a difficulty of hiring index, a rigidity of hours index, and a difficulty of firing index. The index ranges from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating more rigid regulations."
Employment > Employment share by sector > Agriculture > Men > Aged above 14: Percent employed in agriculture.
Employment > Percent of population are employees > Men: Number of male self-reported employees (formal or informal), expressed as a percentage of the total male employed population.
Service workers > Male: Proportion of employed males engaged in the service sector. Employment by economic activity (%) (most recent year available between 1995 and 2001). Note: As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of labour statistics over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see ILO (2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; and 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002). The percentage shares of employment by economic activity may not sum to 100 because of rounding or the omission of activities not classified.
Female economic activity growth: The % change in the female economic activity rate (aged 15 and above) from 1990 to 2000.
Employment rate > Young men: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally considered the youth population.
Employment rate > Young women: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally considered the youth population.
Unemployment > Unemployment rates > Unemployment rates > Total: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of the unemployed plus those in employment, which are defined as persons who have worked for one hour or more in the last week.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market.
Hours worked: Number of hours worked in 2003; average of all people in employment. Note that different nations use very different practices and definitions in this data field, so comparisons such as this table are tentative at best.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 65 plus: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Total: Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week.
Self-employed persons include employers, own-account workers, members of producers’ co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. The last of these are unpaid in the sense that they do not have a formal contract to receive a fixed amount of income at regular intervals, but they share in the income generated by the enterprise; unpaid family workers are particularly important in farming and retail trade. Note that all persons who work in corporate enterprises, including company directors, are considered to be employees.
The rates shown here are the percentages of the self-employed in total civilian employment i.e., total employment less military employees.
GDP per person employed > Constant 1990 PPP $: GDP per person employed is gross domestic product (GDP) divided by total employment in the economy. Purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP is GDP converted to 1990 constant international dollars using PPP rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP that a U.S. dollar has in the United States.
GNI > Constant LCU: GNI (constant LCU). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant local currency.
GNI > Constant LCU per capita: GNI (constant LCU). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant local currency. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
GNI per capita > Constant 2000 US$: GNI per capita (constant 2000 US$). GNI per capita is gross national income divided by midyear population. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant 2005 U.S. dollars.
Service workers > Female: Proportion of employed females engaged in the service sector. Employment by economic activity (%) (most recent year available between 1995 and 2001). Note: As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of labour statistics over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see ILO (2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; and 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002). The percentage shares of employment by economic activity may not sum to 100 because of rounding or the omission of activities not classified.
Long term unemployment: Long term unemployment as a % of labour force, 2000. Long term implies 12 months or longer.
Employment > Percent of population are employers > Women: Number of female self-reported employers (self-employed with paid employees), expressed as a percentage of the total female employed population.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Agriculture > Women > Aged above 14: Percent employed in agriculture.
Part time employment rate > Women > Aged above 14: Percent of females over the age of 14 years who work less than 30 hours a week (either as employees or self-employed) as a percentage of all females in employment.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, men aged above 14: Employment-to-population ratio.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, women aged 15 to 24: Employment-to-population ratio.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, women aged above 14: Employment-to-population ratio.
Unemployment > Youth unemployment, male: Percentage of male population aged 15-24 that is unemployed.
Gender division of housework: Gender Division of Labour Index, 1994 Range = 1.00 (female does all) through 2.50 (equality) to 5.00 (male does all).
Foreign labor force: Foreign labour force 2000
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment > Long-term unemployment: Long-term unemployment is conventionally defined either as those unemployed for 6 months or more or, as here, those unemployed for 12 months or more. The ratios calculated here show the proportion of these long-term unemployed among all unemployed.
Unemployment is defined in most OECD countries in accordance with the ILO Guidelines. Unemployment is usually measured by household labour force surveys and the unemployed are defined as those persons who report that they have worked in gainful employment for less than one hour in the previous week, who are available for work and who have taken actions to seek employment in the previous four weeks. The ILO Guidelines specify the kinds of actions that count as seeking work.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > National unemployment rate per million: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks preceding the survey. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of unemployed and employed persons.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market.
The Gini index offers an accurate picture of regional disparities. It looks not only at the regions with the highest and the lowest rates of unemployment but also at the differences among all regions. The index ranges between 0 and 1: the higher its value, the larger the regional disparities. Regional disparities tend to be underestimated when the size of regions is large.
The youth unemployment rate is defined as the ratio between the unemployed person aged between 15 and 24 and the labour force in the same age group. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Total work time > Males: Total work time (minutes per day)
Employment > Percent of population are employers > Men: Number of male self-reported employers (self-employed with paid employees), expressed as a percentage of the total male employed population.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Industry > Women > Aged above 14: Percent employed in industry.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Services > Men > Aged above 14: Percent employed in services.
Working time to buy > A car: Hours worked by average worker to buy a car. Indicative of the purchasing power of the currency of the country.
Technicians in RandD > Per million people: Technicians in R&D and equivalent staff are people whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in engineering, physical and life sciences (technicians), or social sciences and humanities (equivalent staff). They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers.
Work time > Market-oriented: Classification of market and non-market activities are not strictly based on the 1993 revised UN System of National Accounts, so comparisons between countries and areas must be made with caution.
Total work time > Females: Total work time (minutes per day)
Economic activity > Men aged 35-39: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Working time to buy > Milk: Number of minutes worked by average worker to buy 1 litre of milk.
Working time to buy > Chicken: Number of minutes worked by average worker to buy one kilo of chicken. The comparison of income levels only becomes meaningful if the cost of buying the necessities and luxuries of life is also considered.
Economic activity > Men aged 20-24: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Men aged 15-19: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 40-44: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 15-19: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Total work time > Females over males: Female total work time as a % of male total work time
Employment rate of highly educated women: Employment rate of women aged 25-54, 2000, who are educated upto or more than tertiary level.
Unemployment and education > Tertiary: Unemployment rates among people of all ages who are educated to tertiary levels. Data is for 2000.
Researchers in labor force: Number of researchers per 10000 in the labour force (1999).
Work time > Non-market-oriented: Classification of market and non-market activities are not strictly based on the 1993 revised UN System of National Accounts, so comparisons between countries and areas must be made with caution.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > Range in regional unemployment rate > Small regions > Minimum: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks preceding the survey. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of unemployed and employed persons.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market.
The Gini index offers an accurate picture of regional disparities. It looks not only at the regions with the highest and the lowest rates of unemployment but also at the differences among all regions. The index ranges between 0 and 1: the higher its value, the larger the regional disparities. Regional disparities tend to be underestimated when the size of regions is large.
The youth unemployment rate is defined as the ratio between the unemployed person aged between 15 and 24 and the labour force in the same age group.
Unemployment > Youth total > % of total labor force ages 15-24: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Force > Female > % of total labor force: Female labor force as a percentage of the total show the extent to which women are active in the labor force. Labor force comprises all people who meet the International Labour Organization's definition of the economically active population.
Employment > Part-time employment > Incidence of part-time employment per million: Part-time employment refers to persons who usually work less than 30 hours per week in their main job. Both employees and the self-employed may be part-time workers.
Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week. The rates shown here refer to the numbers of persons who usually work less than 30 hours per week as a percentage of the total number of those in employment. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Employees > Industry > Female > % of female employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Industry corresponds to divisions 2-5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C-F (ISIC revision 3) and includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water)."
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Total per million: Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week.
Self-employed persons include employers, own-account workers, members of producers’ co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. The last of these are unpaid in the sense that they do not have a formal contract to receive a fixed amount of income at regular intervals, but they share in the income generated by the enterprise; unpaid family workers are particularly important in farming and retail trade. Note that all persons who work in corporate enterprises, including company directors, are considered to be employees.
The rates shown here are the percentages of the self-employed in total civilian employment i.e., total employment less military employees. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Economic activity > Women aged 20-24: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 65 plus: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 60-64: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Employment in industry > % of total employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Industry corresponds to divisions 2-5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C-F (ISIC revision 3) and includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water)."
Personal remittances, received > % of GDP: Personal remittances, received (% of GDP). Personal remittances comprise personal transfers and compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and nonresident individuals. Compensation of employees refers to the income of border, seasonal, and other short-term workers who are employed in an economy where they are not resident and of residents employed by nonresident entities. Data are the sum of two items defined in the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual: personal transfers and compensation of employees.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > Gini index of regional unemployment rates > Small regions: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks preceding the survey. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of unemployed and employed persons.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market.
The Gini index offers an accurate picture of regional disparities. It looks not only at the regions with the highest and the lowest rates of unemployment but also at the differences among all regions. The index ranges between 0 and 1: the higher its value, the larger the regional disparities. Regional disparities tend to be underestimated when the size of regions is large.
The youth unemployment rate is defined as the ratio between the unemployed person aged between 15 and 24 and the labour force in the same age group.
Unemployment > Unemployment > Total > % of total labor force: Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Labor force > Female > % of total labor force: Female labor force as a percentage of the total show the extent to which women are active in the labor force. Labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who meet the International Labour Organisation's definition of the economically active population.
Share of women employed in the nonagricultural sector > % of total nonagricultural employment: Share of women employed in the nonagricultural sector is the share of female workers in the nonagricultural sector (industry and services), expressed as a percentage of total employment in the nonagricultural sector. Industry includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, electricity, gas, and water, corresponding to divisions 2-5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C-F (ISIC revision 3). Services include wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services-corresponding to divisions 6-9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories G-P (ISIC revision 3)."
Unemployment > Unemployed youths per unemployed adult > Women > Aged 15 to 24: Ratio of youth unemployment rate to adult unemployment rate.
Unemployment > Unemployed youths per unemployed adult > Men > Aged 15 to 24: Ratio of youth unemployment rate to adult unemployment rate.
Employment > Underemployment > Working less than 20 hours per week > Women > Aged above 14: Percentage of females above the age of 14 in employment, who work less than 20 hours/week.
Employment > Underemployment > Working less than 20 hours per week > Men > Aged above 14: Percentage of males above the age of 14 in employment, who work less than 20 hours/week.
Part time > Part time employment rate > Women: Percentage of country's females over the age of 15 that are employed only part-time.
Part time > Part time employment rate > Men: Percentage of country's males over the age of 15 that are employed only part-time.
GNI > Current US$, % of GDP: GNI (current US$). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
Expense > % of GDP: Expense (% of GDP). Expense is cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services. It includes compensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, grants, social benefits, and other expenses such as rent and dividends.
Economic activity > Men aged 40-44: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Men aged 45-49: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Men aged 50-54: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Employees, agriculture, female > % of female employment: Employees, agriculture, female (% of female employment). Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing.
Employment > Working more than 40 hours per week > Men > Aged above 14: Percentage of males above the age of 14 in employment, who work more than 40 hours per week.
Economic activity > Women aged 45-49: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Force with tertiary education > % of total: Labor force with tertiary education is the proportion of labor force that has a tertiary education, as a percentage of the total labor force.
Employees, agriculture, male > % of male employment: Employees, agriculture, male (% of male employment). Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing.
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total > %: Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%). Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally considered the youth population.
Employment to population ratio, 15+, total > %: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%). Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.
Wage and salaried workers, female > % of females employed: Wage and salaried workers, female (% of females employed). Wage and salaried workers (employees) are those workers who hold the type of jobs defined as "paid employment jobs," where the incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.
Wage and salary workers, male > % of males employed: Wage and salary workers, male (% of males employed). Wage and salaried workers (employees) are those workers who hold the type of jobs defined as "paid employment jobs," where the incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.
Contributing family workers, female > % of females employed: Contributing family workers, female (% of females employed). Contributing family workers are those workers who hold u2018self-employment jobsu2019 as own-account workers in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household.
Contributing family workers, male > % of males employed: Contributing family workers, male (% of males employed). Contributing family workers are those workers who hold "self-employment jobs" as own-account workers in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household.
Contributing family workers, total > % of total employed: Contributing family workers, total (% of total employed). Contributing family workers are those workers who hold "self-employment jobs" as own-account workers in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household.
Employees, services, female > % of female employment: Employees, services, female (% of female employment). Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Services correspond to divisions 6-9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories G-P (ISIC revision 3) and include wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services.
Employees, services, male > % of male employment: Employees, services, male (% of male employment). Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Services correspond to divisions 6-9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories G-P (ISIC revision 3) and include wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services.
Part time employment, female > % of total part time employment: Part time employment, female (% of total part time employment). Part time employment refers to regular employment in which working time is substantially less than normal. Definitions of part time employment differ by country.
Unemployment, male > % of male labor force: Unemployment, male (% of male labor force). Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Unemployment, total > % of total labor force: Unemployment, total (% of total labor force). Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Labor force with secondary education > Male > % of male labor force: Labor force with secondary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a secondary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Labor force with primary education > Female > % of female labor force: Labor force with primary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a primary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Labor force with primary education > % of total: Labor force with primary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a primary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Labor force with secondary education > % of total: Labor force with secondary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a secondary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Labor force with primary education > Male > % of male labor force: Labor force with primary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a primary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Labor force with secondary education > Female > % of female labor force: Labor force with secondary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a secondary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Labor force with tertiary education > % of total: Labor force with tertiary education is the proportion of labor force that has a tertiary education, as a percentage of the total labor force."
Unemployment benefit as % of GDP: Expenditure on unemployment benefits as % of GDP (Year 1998).
Part time employment, male > % of total male employment: Part time employment, male (% of total male employment). Part time employment refers to regular employment in which working time is substantially less than normal. Definitions of part time employment differ by country.
Part time employment, total > % of total employment: Part time employment, total (% of total employment). Part time employment refers to regular employment in which working time is substantially less than normal. Definitions of part time employment differ by country.
Economic activity > Men aged 65 plus: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Unemployment > Youth male > % of male labor force ages 15-24: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Economic activity > Men aged 25-29: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 35-39: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 60-64: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 35-39: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > Range in regional unemployment rate > Small regions > Maximum: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks preceding the survey. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of unemployed and employed persons.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market.
The Gini index offers an accurate picture of regional disparities. It looks not only at the regions with the highest and the lowest rates of unemployment but also at the differences among all regions. The index ranges between 0 and 1: the higher its value, the larger the regional disparities. Regional disparities tend to be underestimated when the size of regions is large.
The youth unemployment rate is defined as the ratio between the unemployed person aged between 15 and 24 and the labour force in the same age group.
Unemployment, youth male > % of male labor force ages 15-24: Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force ages 15-24). Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Unemployment, youth total > % of total labor force ages 15-24: Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24). Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Long-term unemployment, female > % of female unemployment: Long-term unemployment, female (% of female unemployment). Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed.
Force with primary education > % of total: Labor force with primary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a primary education, as a percentage of the total labor force.
Force > Total per 1000: Total labor force comprises people who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Employees > Services > Female > % of female employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Services correspond to divisions 6-9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories G-P (ISIC revision 3) and include wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services."
Employees > Agriculture > Male > % of male employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing."
Employees > Agriculture > Female > % of female employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing."
Employment in agriculture > % of total employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing."
Employment in services > % of total employment: Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Services correspond to divisions 6-9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories G-P (ISIC revision 3) and include wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services."
Labor participation rate > Total > % of total population ages 15+: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Unemployment > Unemployment with tertiary education > % of total unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organisation (UNESCO)."
Unemployment > Unemployment with primary education > Male > % of male unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organisation (UNESCO)."
Unemployment > Unemployment with secondary education > Female > % of female unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organisation (UNESCO)."
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment rate > Female: Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed."
Unemployment > Unemployment with primary education > Female > % of female unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organisation (UNESCO)."
Unemployment > Unemployment with tertiary education > Female > % of female unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organisation (UNESCO)."
Unemployment > Unemployment > Youth female > % of female labor force ages 15-24: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Unemployment > Unemployment > Youth total > % of total labor force ages 15-24: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Unemployment > Unemployment > Youth male > % of male labor force ages 15-24: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Steel industry jobs: Employment in the steel industry. Figures in thousand jobs.
Working time to buy > Beef: Number of minutes worked by average worker to buy one kilo of beef. The comparison of income levels only becomes meaningful if the cost of buying the necessities and luxuries of life is also considered.
Working time to buy > Bread: Number of minutes worked by average worker to buy bread.
Net income from abroad > Current US$, % of GDP: Net income from abroad (current US$). Net income includes the net labor income and net property and entrepreneurial income components of the SNA. Labor income covers compensation of employees paid to nonresident workers. Property and entrepreneurial income covers investment income from the ownership of foreign financial claims (interest, dividends, rent, etc.) and nonfinancial property income (patents, copyrights, etc.). Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, men aged 15 to 24: Employment-to-population ratio.
GNI growth > Annual %: GNI growth (annual %). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.
GNI per capita > Current LCU: GNI per capita (current LCU). GNI per capita is gross national income divided by midyear population. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current local currency.
Unemployment, youth female > % of female labor force ages 15-24: Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force ages 15-24). Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Long-term unemployment, male > % of male unemployment: Long-term unemployment, male (% of male unemployment). Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed.
Unemployment, female > % of female labor force: Unemployment, female (% of female labor force). Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Unemployment > Male > % of male labor force: Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Force with secondary education > % of total: Labor force with secondary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a secondary education, as a percentage of the total labor force.
Long-term unemployment > Male > % of male unemployment: Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed.
Unemployment > Total > % of total labor force: Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Employment > Employment rates by gender > Employment rates > Men per million: Employment rates are calculated as the ratio of the employed to the working age population. To calculate this employment rate, the population of working age is divided into two groups: those who are employed and those who are not. Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week. Those not in employment consist of persons who are out of work but seeking employment, students and all others who have excluded themselves from the labour force for one reason or another, such as incapacity or the need to look after young children or elderly relatives.
Working age is generally defined as persons in the 15 to 64 age bracket although in some countries working age is defined as 16 to 64. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Unemployment with tertiary education > Female > % of female unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO).
Unemployment > Unemployment with tertiary education > Male > % of male unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organisation (UNESCO)."
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Women per million: Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week.
Self-employed persons include employers, own-account workers, members of producers’ co-operatives, and unpaid family workers. The last of these are unpaid in the sense that they do not have a formal contract to receive a fixed amount of income at regular intervals, but they share in the income generated by the enterprise; unpaid family workers are particularly important in farming and retail trade. Note that all persons who work in corporate enterprises, including company directors, are considered to be employees.
The rates shown here are the percentages of the self-employed in total civilian employment i.e., total employment less military employees. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Unemployment with tertiary education > % of total unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO).
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 20-24: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 25-29: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Unemployment with tertiary education > Male > % of male unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO).
Economic activity > Women aged 30-34: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Net income from abroad > Current US$ per million: Net income from abroad (current US$). Net income includes the net labor income and net property and entrepreneurial income components of the SNA. Labor income covers compensation of employees paid to nonresident workers. Property and entrepreneurial income covers investment income from the ownership of foreign financial claims (interest, dividends, rent, etc.) and nonfinancial property income (patents, copyrights, etc.). Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Net income from abroad > Current LCU: Net income from abroad (current LCU). Net income includes the net labor income and net property and entrepreneurial income components of the SNA. Labor income covers compensation of employees paid to nonresident workers. Property and entrepreneurial income covers investment income from the ownership of foreign financial claims (interest, dividends, rent, etc.) and nonfinancial property income (patents, copyrights, etc.). Data are in current local currency.
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment > Long-term unemployment per million: Long-term unemployment is conventionally defined either as those unemployed for 6 months or more or, as here, those unemployed for 12 months or more. The ratios calculated here show the proportion of these long-term unemployed among all unemployed.
Unemployment is defined in most OECD countries in accordance with the ILO Guidelines. Unemployment is usually measured by household labour force surveys and the unemployed are defined as those persons who report that they have worked in gainful employment for less than one hour in the previous week, who are available for work and who have taken actions to seek employment in the previous four weeks. The ILO Guidelines specify the kinds of actions that count as seeking work. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Compensation of employees > % of expense: Compensation of employees consists of all payments in cash, as well as in kind (such as food and housing), to employees in return for services rendered, and government contributions to social insurance schemes such as social security and pensions that provide benefits to employees.
Employment rate of lesser educated women: Employment rate of women aged 25-54, 2000, who are educated lesser than upper secondary level.
Unemployment > Female > % of female labor force: Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Long-term unemployment > Female > % of female unemployment: Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed.
Unemployment and education > Upper secondary: Unemployment rates among people of all ages who are educated upto Upper Secondary levels. Data is for 2000.
Long-term unemployment > % of total unemployment: Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed.
Unemployment with secondary education > Female > % of female unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO).
Force participation rate > Female > % of female population ages 15-64: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15-64 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Unemployment > Youth female > % of female labor force ages 15-24: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 40-44: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 50-54: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 55-59: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Unemployment with secondary education > Male > % of male unemployment: Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO).
Net income from abroad > Current LCU per million: Net income from abroad (current LCU). Net income includes the net labor income and net property and entrepreneurial income components of the SNA. Labor income covers compensation of employees paid to nonresident workers. Property and entrepreneurial income covers investment income from the ownership of foreign financial claims (interest, dividends, rent, etc.) and nonfinancial property income (patents, copyrights, etc.). Data are in current local currency. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Long term unemployment > Share: Percentage share of unemployment that lasts longer than 12 months. Data for 2001.
Steel industry jobs per million: Employment in the steel industry. Figures in thousand jobs. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Economic activity > Men aged 30-34: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 15-19: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Employment > Part-time employment > Incidence of part-time employment: Part-time employment refers to persons who usually work less than 30 hours per week in their main job. Both employees and the self-employed may be part-time workers.
Employment is generally measured through household labour force surveys and, according to the ILO Guidelines, employed persons are defined as those aged 15 or over who report that they have worked in gainful employment for at least one hour in the previous week. The rates shown here refer to the numbers of persons who usually work less than 30 hours per week as a percentage of the total number of those in employment.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Services > Women > Aged above 14: Percent employed in services.
Unemployment > Youth unemployment, female: Percentage of female population aged 15-24 that is unemployed.
Employment > Working more than 40 hours per week > Women > Aged above 14: Percentage of females above the age of 14 in employment, who work more than 40 hours per week.
GNI > Current LCU per capita: GNI (current LCU). GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current local currency. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
Subsidies and other transfers > % of expense: Subsidies and other transfers (% of expense). Subsidies, grants, and other social benefits include all unrequited, nonrepayable transfers on current account to private and public enterprises; grants to foreign governments, international organizations, and other government units; and social security, social assistance benefits, and employer social benefits in cash and in kind.
Unemployment > Unemployment rates > Unemployment rates > Total per million: Unemployed persons are defined as those who report that they are without work, that they are available for work and that they have taken active steps to find work in the last four weeks. The ILO Guidelines specify what actions count as active steps to find work and these include answering vacancy notices, visiting factories, construction sites and other places of work, and placing advertisements in the press as well as registering with labour offices.
The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force, where the latter consists of the unemployed plus those in employment, which are defined as persons who have worked for one hour or more in the last week.
When unemployment is high, some persons become discouraged and stop looking for work. They are then excluded from the labour force so that the unemployment rate may fall, or stop rising, even though there has been no underlying improvement in the labour market. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 50-54: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Men aged 55-59: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Economic activity > Women aged 25-29: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male > %: Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male (%). Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally considered the youth population.
Employment to population ratio, 15+, female > %: Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%). Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 55-59: Economically active population ("usually active" or "currently active" (currently active is also known as "the labour force")) comprises all persons of either sex above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods
Force participation rate > Total > % of total population ages 15-64: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15-64 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Self-employed, female > % of females employed: Self-employed, female (% of females employed). Self employed workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs" (i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced). Self employed workers include three subcategories: employers, own-account workers, and members of producers' cooperatives.
Self-employed, male > % of males employed: Self-employed, male (% of males employed). Self employed workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs" (i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced). Self employed workers include three subcategories: employers, own-account workers, and members of producers' cooperatives.
Self-employed, total > % of total employed: Self-employed, total (% of total employed). Self employed workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs" (i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced). Self employed workers include three subcategories: employers, own-account workers, and members of producers' cooperatives.
Employment to population ratio, 15+, male > %: Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%). Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.
Force participation rate > Male > % of male population ages 15-64: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15-64 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Wage and salaried workers, total > % of total employed: Wage and salaried workers, total (% of total employed). Wage and salaried workers (employees) are those workers who hold the type of jobs defined as "paid employment jobs," where the incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.
Employees, industry, female > % of female employment: Employees, industry, female (% of female employment). Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Industry corresponds to divisions 2-5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C-F (ISIC revision 3) and includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water).
Employees, industry, male > % of male employment: Employees, industry, male (% of male employment). Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Industry corresponds to divisions 2-5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C-F (ISIC revision 3) and includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water).

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STAT	Australia	Canada
Agricultural workers > Male	6% Ranked 60th. 20% more than Canada	5% Ranked 62nd.
Employment rate > Adults	59.4 Ranked 72nd.	61.2 Ranked 61st. 3% more than Australia
Expense > Current LCU	366.28 billion Ranked 48th. 15% more than Canada	317.53 billion Ranked 50th.
GNI > Current US$	$1.48 trillion Ranked 13th.	$1.82 trillion Ranked 12th. 23% more than Australia
Hours worked > Standard workweek	38 hours Ranked 178th.	44 hours Ranked 77th. 16% more than Australia
Labor force	11.62 million Ranked 38th.	18.59 million Ranked 29th. 60% more than Australia
Labor force > By occupation	agriculture 3.7%, industry 26.4%, services 70%	agriculture 2%, manufacturing 13%, construction 6%, services 76%, other 3%
Labor force > By occupation > Agriculture	3.6% Ranked 13th. 80% more than Canada	2% Ranked 26th.
Labor force > By occupation > Services	75% Ranked 3rd.	76% Ranked 2nd. 1% more than Australia
Labor force, total	12.01 million Ranked 43th.	19.34 million Ranked 31st. 61% more than Australia
Rigidity of employment index	3 Ranked 165th.	4 Ranked 164th. 33% more than Australia
Salaries and benefits > Hourly minimum wage	$10.63 Ranked 3rd. 38% more than Canada	$7.71 Ranked 11th.
Salaries and benefits > Minimum wage	Most workers are covered by an award , which may vary by employee age, geographical location and industry. For adults not covered by an award or agreement, the minimum wages is A$ 16.37 per hour, A$622.20 per week; set federally by Fair Work Australia . Junior workers, apprentices and trainees not covered by an award each have a minimum wage level set nationally.	The minimum wage in Canada is set by each province and territory; ranges from C$ 9.95 to C$11.00 per hour.
Trade union membership	25% Ranked 12th.	30% Ranked 9th. 20% more than Australia
Unemployment rate	5.1% Ranked 75th.	8% Ranked 45th. 57% more than Australia
Strikes	86 Ranked 8th.	217 Ranked 3rd. 3 times more than Australia
Female doctors	27.8% Ranked 15th.	31.1% Ranked 11th. 12% more than Australia
Labor force per 1000	526.62 Ranked 24th.	544.74 Ranked 15th. 3% more than Australia
GNI > Current US$ per capita	$65,084.00 Ranked 5th. 25% more than Canada	$52,218.99 Ranked 9th.
Labor force, total per 1000	529.28 Ranked 25th.	554.5 Ranked 17th. 5% more than Australia
Labor force participation > Employment to population ratio > Both sexes	62.2% Ranked 15th. 1% more than Canada	61.8% Ranked 18th.
Firing cost > Weeks of wages	4 weeks of wages Ranked 161st.	28 weeks of wages Ranked 110th. 7 times more than Australia
GNI per capita > Constant LCU	62,126.54 Ranked 42nd. 42% more than Canada	43,613.83 Ranked 48th.
Expense > Current LCU per capita	16,407.57 Ranked 46th. 78% more than Canada	9,207.96 Ranked 68th.
Employment rate > Women	52.7 Ranked 52nd.	56.4 Ranked 35th. 7% more than Australia
Labor force > Total	11.31 million Ranked 42nd.	18.66 million Ranked 29th. 65% more than Australia
Industrial workers > Male	31% Ranked 46th.	32% Ranked 38th. 3% more than Australia
Employment rate > Men	66.5 Ranked 98th. About the same as Canada	66.4 Ranked 101st.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, men	68.7% Ranked 22nd. 4% more than Canada	65.9% Ranked 29th.
Labor force participation > Employment to population ratio > Men	68.7% Ranked 22nd. 4% more than Canada	65.9% Ranked 29th.
Compensation of employees > Current LCU	24100000000	29464900000
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment rate	14.9 Ranked 28th. 2 times more than Canada	7.1 Ranked 31st.
Force > Total	10.34 million Ranked 45th.	17.65 million Ranked 32nd. 71% more than Australia
Force > Total > Per capita	0.509 per capita Ranked 30th.	0.546 per capita Ranked 11th. 7% more than Australia
Female decision makers	26% Ranked 43th.	35% Ranked 15th. 35% more than Australia
Agricultural workers > Female	3% Ranked 55th. 50% more than Canada	2% Ranked 62nd.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Industry > Men > Aged above 14	30.6% Ranked 42nd.	32.1% Ranked 36th. 5% more than Australia
Employment > Percent of population are employees > Women	90.2% Ranked 22nd. 2% more than Canada	88.6% Ranked 26th.
Unemployment > Youth unemployment, both sexes	11.3% Ranked 56th.	14.1% Ranked 51st. 25% more than Australia
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > National unemployment rate	4.89% Ranked 17th.	6.3% Ranked 15th. 29% more than Australia
GNI > Current LCU	1.43 trillion Ranked 77th.	1.82 trillion Ranked 68th. 27% more than Australia
Unemployment	6.6% Ranked 7th.	7.3% Ranked 5th. 11% more than Australia
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Women	9.8% Ranked 15th. 22% more than Canada	8.05% Ranked 21st.
Female economic activity	55.8% Ranked 70th.	60.1% Ranked 51st. 8% more than Australia
Labor force participation > Employment to population ratio > Women	55.9% Ranked 17th.	57.9% Ranked 14th. 4% more than Australia
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, women	55.9% Ranked 17th.	57.9% Ranked 14th. 4% more than Australia
Labor force > Per capita	535.87 per 1,000 people Ranked 26th.	537.58 per 1,000 people Ranked 25th. About the same as Australia
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 30-34	85.29% Ranked 73th.	88.22% Ranked 60th. 3% more than Australia
Days off work	61 days Ranked 9th.	125 days Ranked 6th. 2 times more than Australia
Industrial workers > Female	10% Ranked 68th.	11% Ranked 57th. 10% more than Australia
Work Time > More than 40 hours	48.6% Ranked 10th.	54.7% Ranked 8th. 13% more than Australia
Employment rate > Young adults	64.1 Ranked 13th. 6% more than Canada	60.6 Ranked 20th.
Female professionals	48% Ranked 42nd.	53% Ranked 21st. 10% more than Australia
Net income from abroad > Current US$	$-56,068,393,722.46 Ranked 162nd.	0.0 Ranked 36th.
Unemployment gender ratio	89% Ranked 25th.	96% Ranked 22nd. 8% more than Australia
Part time employment rate > Men > Aged above 14	15.7% Ranked 1st. 45% more than Canada	10.8% Ranked 5th.
Employment > Employment rates by gender > Employment rates > Men	79.59% Ranked 9th. 3% more than Canada	77.16% Ranked 16th.
Rigidity of employment index > 0=less rigid to 100=more rigid	0.0 Ranked 172nd.	4 Ranked 164th.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Agriculture > Men > Aged above 14	4.6% Ranked 54th. 24% more than Canada	3.7% Ranked 58th.
Employment > Percent of population are employees > Men	84.4% Ranked 14th. 4% more than Canada	80.9% Ranked 27th.
Service workers > Male	63% Ranked 13th. The same as Canada	63% Ranked 11th.
Female economic activity growth	7% Ranked 55th. 75% more than Canada	4% Ranked 75th.
Employment rate > Young men	64.6 Ranked 24th. 9% more than Canada	59.1 Ranked 40th.
Employment rate > Young women	63.5 Ranked 14th. 2% more than Canada	62.1 Ranked 15th.
Unemployment > Unemployment rates > Unemployment rates > Total	4.4% Ranked 20th.	6% Ranked 14th. 36% more than Australia
Hours worked	1,814 hours Ranked 1st. 6% more than Canada	1,718 hours Ranked 4th.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 65 plus	4.47% Ranked 153th.	6.05% Ranked 142nd. 35% more than Australia
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Total	12.94% Ranked 17th. 39% more than Canada	9.31% Ranked 25th.
GDP per person employed > Constant 1990 PPP $	$49,615.00 Ranked 10th. 1% more than Canada	$49,077.00 Ranked 11th.
GNI > Constant LCU	1.41 trillion Ranked 45th.	1.52 trillion Ranked 44th. 8% more than Australia
GNI > Constant LCU per capita	62,126.54 Ranked 42nd. 42% more than Canada	43,613.83 Ranked 48th.
GNI per capita > Constant 2000 US$	$36,031.53 Ranked 16th. About the same as Canada	$35,992.14 Ranked 17th.
Service workers > Female	86% Ranked 16th. The same as Canada	86% Ranked 10th.
Long term unemployment	1.8% Ranked 13th. 2 times more than Canada	0.8% Ranked 22nd.
Employment > Percent of population are employers > Women	2.4% Ranked 31st.	11.2% Ranked 2nd. 5 times more than Australia
Employment > Employment share by sector > Agriculture > Women > Aged above 14	2.5% Ranked 49th. 56% more than Canada	1.6% Ranked 55th.
Part time employment rate > Women > Aged above 14	41.7% Ranked 4th. 55% more than Canada	26.9% Ranked 14th.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, men aged above 14	66.4% Ranked 119th.	67.5% Ranked 114th. 2% more than Australia
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, women aged 15 to 24	62.5% Ranked 14th. 6% more than Canada	58.9% Ranked 19th.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, women aged above 14	53.6% Ranked 46th.	57.2% Ranked 36th. 7% more than Australia
Unemployment > Youth unemployment, male	11.9% Ranked 53th.	15.9% Ranked 40th. 34% more than Australia
Gender division of housework	2.03 Ranked 9th.	2.25 Ranked 4th. 11% more than Australia
Foreign labor force	24.5% Ranked 2nd. 28% more than Canada	19.2% Ranked 3rd.
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment > Long-term unemployment	15.45% Ranked 22nd. 2 times more than Canada	7.46% Ranked 27th.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > National unemployment rate per million	0.225% Ranked 19th. 20% more than Canada	0.187% Ranked 20th.
Total work time > Males	418 minutes Ranked 13th.	429 minutes Ranked 11th. 3% more than Australia
Employment > Percent of population are employers > Men	3.8% Ranked 50th.	19% Ranked 2nd. 5 times more than Australia
Employment > Employment share by sector > Industry > Women > Aged above 14	9.4% Ranked 61st.	10.6% Ranked 55th. 13% more than Australia
Employment > Employment share by sector > Services > Men > Aged above 14	64.5% Ranked 9th. About the same as Canada	64.2% Ranked 10th.
Working time to buy > A car	1,244 hours Ranked 9th.	1,552 hours Ranked 5th. 25% more than Australia
Technicians in RandD > Per million people	791.9 per million people Ranked 3rd. 3% more than Canada	770.13 per million people Ranked 8th.
Work time > Market-oriented	46% Ranked 27th.	53% Ranked 12th. 15% more than Australia
Total work time > Females	435 minutes Ranked 16th. 4% more than Canada	420 minutes Ranked 21st.
Economic activity > Men aged 35-39	94.34% Ranked 158th. The same as Canada	94.31% Ranked 160th.
Working time to buy > Milk	6 minutes Ranked 3rd. 20% more than Canada	5 minutes Ranked 6th.
Working time to buy > Chicken	27 minutes Ranked 5th. 69% more than Canada	16 minutes Ranked 12th.
Economic activity > Men aged 20-24	87.58% Ranked 41st. 8% more than Canada	80.78% Ranked 114th.
Economic activity > Men aged 15-19	53.41% Ranked 59th. 6% more than Canada	50.37% Ranked 68th.
Economic activity > Women aged 40-44	81.43% Ranked 58th.	85.51% Ranked 42nd. 5% more than Australia
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 15-19	53.05% Ranked 40th. 8% more than Canada	49.04% Ranked 49th.
Total work time > Females over males	104% Ranked 21st. 6% more than Canada	98% Ranked 27th.
Employment rate of highly educated women	79.9% Ranked 13th. About the same as Canada	79.8% Ranked 15th.
Unemployment and education > Tertiary	3.6% Ranked 6th.	3.8% Ranked 5th. 6% more than Australia
Researchers in labor force	67 per 10000 people Ranked 6th. 16% more than Canada	58 per 10000 people Ranked 10th.
Work time > Non-market-oriented	54% Ranked 6th. 15% more than Canada	47% Ranked 18th.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > Range in regional unemployment rate > Small regions > Minimum	3.07% Ranked 13th. 17% more than Canada	2.62% Ranked 19th.
Unemployment > Youth total > % of total labor force ages 15-24	10.5% Ranked 43th.	12.4% Ranked 38th. 18% more than Australia
Force > Female > % of total labor force	45.51% Ranked 55th.	46.36% Ranked 43th. 2% more than Australia
Employment > Part-time employment > Incidence of part-time employment per million	1.11% Ranked 13th. 2 times more than Canada	0.537% Ranked 15th.
Employees > Industry > Female > % of female employment	8.9% Ranked 63th.	10.5% Ranked 51st. 18% more than Australia
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Total per million	0.594% Ranked 20th. 2 times more than Canada	0.276% Ranked 25th.
Economic activity > Women aged 20-24	79.83% Ranked 20th. 3% more than Canada	77.19% Ranked 28th.
Economic activity > Women aged 65 plus	2.1% Ranked 149th.	3.55% Ranked 130th. 69% more than Australia
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 60-64	31.17% Ranked 128th.	34.68% Ranked 117th. 11% more than Australia
Employment in industry > % of total employment	21.2% Ranked 51st.	21.6% Ranked 48th. 2% more than Australia
Personal remittances, received > % of GDP	0.119% Ranked 126th. 80% more than Canada	0.0662% Ranked 134th.
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > Gini index of regional unemployment rates > Small regions	0.153 Year 2006 Ranked 19th.	0.276 Year 2006 Ranked 5th. 81% more than Australia
Unemployment > Unemployment > Total > % of total labor force	4.2% Ranked 52nd.	6.1% Ranked 38th. 45% more than Australia
Labor force > Female > % of total labor force	45.33% Ranked 70th.	46.9% Ranked 40th. 3% more than Australia
Share of women employed in the nonagricultural sector > % of total nonagricultural employment	46.8% Ranked 37th.	49.8% Ranked 17th. 6% more than Australia
Unemployment > Unemployed youths per unemployed adult > Women > Aged 15 to 24	2.7 ratio Ranked 27th. 42% more than Canada	1.9 ratio Ranked 56th.
Unemployment > Unemployed youths per unemployed adult > Men > Aged 15 to 24	3.1 Ranked 30th. 24% more than Canada	2.5 Ranked 42nd.
Employment > Underemployment > Working less than 20 hours per week > Women > Aged above 14	24.2% Ranked 3rd. 91% more than Canada	12.7% Ranked 11th.
Employment > Underemployment > Working less than 20 hours per week > Men > Aged above 14	9.6% Ranked 2nd. 66% more than Canada	5.8% Ranked 6th.
Part time > Part time employment rate > Women	41.7% Ranked 4th. 55% more than Canada	26.9% Ranked 14th.
Part time > Part time employment rate > Men	15.7% Ranked 1st. 45% more than Canada	10.8% Ranked 5th.
GNI > Current US$, % of GDP	97.09% Ranked 98th.	100% Ranked 49th. 3% more than Australia
Expense > % of GDP	26.09% Ranked 58th. 45% more than Canada	18.04% Ranked 82nd.
Economic activity > Men aged 40-44	93.38% Ranked 161st.	94.03% Ranked 156th. 1% more than Australia
Economic activity > Men aged 45-49	90.57% Ranked 161st.	92.91% Ranked 151st. 3% more than Australia
Economic activity > Men aged 50-54	86.44% Ranked 144th.	88.66% Ranked 135th. 3% more than Australia
Employees, agriculture, female > % of female employment	2.2% Ranked 66th. 69% more than Canada	1.3% Ranked 76th.
Employment > Working more than 40 hours per week > Men > Aged above 14	61.5% Ranked 22nd.	68.8% Ranked 19th. 12% more than Australia
Employment rate > Source / date of > Information	2003 OECD .	2003 OECD .
Economic activity > Women aged 45-49	73.43% Ranked 68th.	80.74% Ranked 45th. 10% more than Australia
Force with tertiary education > % of total	29% Ranked 9th.	52.5% Ranked 1st. 81% more than Australia
Employees, agriculture, male > % of male employment	4.2% Ranked 72nd. 27% more than Canada	3.3% Ranked 80th.
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total > %	59.6% Ranked 17th. 10% more than Canada	54.3% Ranked 32nd.
Employment to population ratio, 15+, total > %	61.9% Ranked 66th. 1% more than Canada	61.5% Ranked 68th.
Wage and salaried workers, female > % of females employed	91.4% Ranked 20th.	92% Ranked 16th. 1% more than Australia
Wage and salary workers, male > % of males employed	86.7% Ranked 12th.	90.1% Ranked 6th. 4% more than Australia
Contributing family workers, female > % of females employed	0.3% Ranked 68th. 3 times more than Canada	0.1% Ranked 72nd.
Contributing family workers, male > % of males employed	0.2% Ranked 67th. Twice as much as Canada	0.1% Ranked 70th.
Contributing family workers, total > % of total employed	0.2% Ranked 75th. Twice as much as Canada	0.1% Ranked 77th.
Employees, services, female > % of female employment	88.4% Ranked 18th.	88.7% Ranked 17th. About the same as Australia
Employees, services, male > % of male employment	64.1% Ranked 16th.	65.4% Ranked 13th. 2% more than Australia
Part time employment, female > % of total part time employment	71.1% Ranked 15th. 6% more than Canada	67% Ranked 23th.
Unemployment, male > % of male labor force	5.2% Ranked 60th.	7.7% Ranked 42nd. 48% more than Australia
Unemployment, total > % of total labor force	5.2% Ranked 65th.	7.2% Ranked 47th. 38% more than Australia
Labor force with secondary education > Male > % of male labor force	43.5% Ranked 29th. 1% more than Canada	43.1% Ranked 31st.
Labor force with primary education > Female > % of female labor force	29.5% Ranked 19th. 3 times more than Canada	11.8% Ranked 43th.
Labor force with primary education > % of total	28.3% Ranked 23th. 2 times more than Canada	13.8% Ranked 46th.
Labor force with secondary education > % of total	39% Ranked 37th.	40% Ranked 35th. 3% more than Australia
Labor force with primary education > Male > % of male labor force	27.3% Ranked 25th. 75% more than Canada	15.6% Ranked 43th.
Labor force with secondary education > Female > % of female labor force	33.7% Ranked 38th.	36.6% Ranked 35th. 9% more than Australia
Labor force with tertiary education > % of total	32.7% Ranked 14th.	46.2% Ranked 4th. 41% more than Australia
Unemployment benefit as % of GDP	1.1% of GDP Ranked 10th. 10% more than Canada	1% of GDP Ranked 11th.
Part time employment, male > % of total male employment	13.1% Ranked 11th. 11% more than Canada	11.8% Ranked 12th.
Part time employment, total > % of total employment	24.6% Ranked 4th. 31% more than Canada	18.8% Ranked 18th.
Economic activity > Men aged 65 plus	7.54% Ranked 149th.	9.41% Ranked 139th. 25% more than Australia
Unemployment > Youth male > % of male labor force ages 15-24	11% Ranked 43th.	14.2% Ranked 32nd. 29% more than Australia
Economic activity > Men aged 25-29	93.38% Ranked 131st. 1% more than Canada	92.76% Ranked 143th.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 35-39	87.1% Ranked 69th.	89.55% Ranked 53th. 3% more than Australia
Economic activity > Women aged 60-64	17.3% Ranked 113th.	23.16% Ranked 93th. 34% more than Australia
Economic activity > Women aged 35-39	79.73% Ranked 58th.	84.66% Ranked 44th. 6% more than Australia
Unemployment > Regional unemployment > Range in regional unemployment rate > Small regions > Maximum	8.59% Ranked 19th.	21.98% Ranked 3rd. 3 times more than Australia
Unemployment, youth male > % of male labor force ages 15-24	12.4% Ranked 55th.	15.9% Ranked 42nd. 28% more than Australia
Unemployment, youth total > % of total labor force ages 15-24	11.7% Ranked 59th.	14.3% Ranked 51st. 22% more than Australia
Long-term unemployment, female > % of female unemployment	1% Ranked 44th. 25% more than Canada	0.8% Ranked 48th.
Force with primary education > % of total	35.5% Ranked 10th. 2 times more than Canada	17.2% Ranked 30th.
Force > Total per 1000	507.13 Ranked 36th.	546.1 Ranked 12th. 8% more than Australia
Employees > Services > Female > % of female employment	88.5% Ranked 11th. 1% more than Canada	88% Ranked 12th.
Employees > Agriculture > Male > % of male employment	4.3% Ranked 53th. 26% more than Canada	3.4% Ranked 58th.
Employees > Agriculture > Female > % of female employment	2.4% Ranked 46th. 60% more than Canada	1.5% Ranked 54th.
Employment in agriculture > % of total employment	3.4% Ranked 54th. 36% more than Canada	2.5% Ranked 58th.
Employment in services > % of total employment	75.1% Ranked 15th.	75.9% Ranked 11th. 1% more than Australia
Labor participation rate > Total > % of total population ages 15+	65.3% Ranked 79th.	67.3% Ranked 62nd. 3% more than Australia
Unemployment > Unemployment with tertiary education > % of total unemployment	17.9% Ranked 33th.	31.2% Ranked 13th. 74% more than Australia
Unemployment > Unemployment with primary education > Male > % of male unemployment	48.8% Ranked 19th. 64% more than Canada	29.7% Ranked 45th.
Unemployment > Unemployment with secondary education > Female > % of female unemployment	32% Ranked 51st.	37.9% Ranked 44th. 18% more than Australia
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment rate > Female	13.9 Ranked 27th. 2 times more than Canada	6.1 Ranked 30th.
Unemployment > Unemployment with primary education > Female > % of female unemployment	47.1% Ranked 13th. 86% more than Canada	25.3% Ranked 46th.
Unemployment > Unemployment with tertiary education > Female > % of female unemployment	20.8% Ranked 32nd.	36.8% Ranked 13th. 77% more than Australia
Unemployment > Unemployment > Youth female > % of female labor force ages 15-24	9.3% Ranked 58th.	10% Ranked 53th. 8% more than Australia
Unemployment > Unemployment > Youth total > % of total labor force ages 15-24	9.4% Ranked 56th.	11.2% Ranked 45th. 19% more than Australia
Unemployment > Unemployment > Youth male > % of male labor force ages 15-24	9.4% Ranked 56th.	12.3% Ranked 45th. 31% more than Australia
Steel industry jobs	24 thousand jobs Ranked 11th.	56 thousand jobs Ranked 8th. 2 times more than Australia
Working time to buy > Beef	30 minutes Ranked 15th.	48 minutes Ranked 12th. 60% more than Australia
Working time to buy > Bread	8 minutes Ranked 9th. 14% more than Canada	7 minutes Ranked 12th.
Net income from abroad > Current US$, % of GDP	-3.687% Ranked 102nd.	0.0 Ranked 34th.
Labor force participation rate > Employment-population ratio, men aged 15 to 24	62.9% Ranked 32nd. 7% more than Canada	58.9% Ranked 47th.
GNI growth > Annual %	4.37% Ranked 44th. 3 times more than Canada	1.71% Ranked 75th.
GNI per capita > Current LCU	63,114.36 Ranked 84th. 21% more than Canada	52,177.22 Ranked 91st.
Unemployment, youth female > % of female labor force ages 15-24	11% Ranked 60th.	12.6% Ranked 56th. 15% more than Australia
Long-term unemployment, male > % of male unemployment	1.1% Ranked 44th. 22% more than Canada	0.9% Ranked 46th.
Unemployment, female > % of female labor force	5.3% Ranked 62nd.	6.8% Ranked 53th. 28% more than Australia
Unemployment > Male > % of male labor force	5.3% Ranked 56th.	7.5% Ranked 36th. 42% more than Australia
Force with secondary education > % of total	35.3% Ranked 29th. 17% more than Canada	30.3% Ranked 31st.
Long-term unemployment > Male > % of male unemployment	27.1% Ranked 17th. 2 times more than Canada	11.4% Ranked 26th.
Unemployment > Total > % of total labor force	5.4% Ranked 56th.	7.2% Ranked 46th. 33% more than Australia
Employment > Employment rates by gender > Employment rates > Men per million	3.65% Ranked 18th. 60% more than Canada	2.29% Ranked 19th.
Unemployment with tertiary education > Female > % of female unemployment	20.6% Ranked 14th.	42.2% Ranked 6th. 2 times more than Australia
Unemployment > Unemployment with tertiary education > Male > % of male unemployment	15% Ranked 34th.	26.7% Ranked 11th. 78% more than Australia
Employment > Self-employment > Self-employment rates > Women per million	0.45% Ranked 20th. 89% more than Canada	0.239% Ranked 24th.
Unemployment with tertiary education > % of total unemployment	19% Ranked 12th.	40.2% Ranked 5th. 2 times more than Australia
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 20-24	83.78% Ranked 14th. 6% more than Canada	79.01% Ranked 44th.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 25-29	83.59% Ranked 72nd.	88.37% Ranked 38th. 6% more than Australia
Unemployment with tertiary education > Male > % of male unemployment	17.6% Ranked 12th.	38.6% Ranked 4th. 2 times more than Australia
Economic activity > Women aged 30-34	75.71% Ranked 70th.	82.45% Ranked 47th. 9% more than Australia
Net income from abroad > Current US$ per million	$-2,471,759,055.99 Ranked 158th.	0.0 Ranked 36th.
Net income from abroad > Current LCU	-42,967,000,000 Ranked 116th.	0.0 Ranked 36th.
Unemployment > Long-term unemployment > Long-term unemployment per million	0.709% Ranked 20th. 3 times more than Canada	0.221% Ranked 27th.
Compensation of employees > % of expense	10.12% Ranked 66th.	12.04% Ranked 60th. 19% more than Australia
Employment rate of lesser educated women	58.1% Ranked 8th. 12% more than Canada	52% Ranked 13th.
Unemployment > Female > % of female labor force	5.5% Ranked 56th.	6.8% Ranked 48th. 24% more than Australia
Long-term unemployment > Female > % of female unemployment	17% Ranked 22nd. 2 times more than Canada	8.4% Ranked 26th.
Unemployment and education > Upper secondary	4.5% Ranked 9th.	5.8% Ranked 5th. 29% more than Australia
Long-term unemployment > % of total unemployment	22.5% Ranked 21st. 2 times more than Canada	10.1% Ranked 26th.
Unemployment with secondary education > Female > % of female unemployment	33.9% Ranked 29th. 7% more than Canada	31.6% Ranked 44th.
Force participation rate > Female > % of female population ages 15-64	67.43% Ranked 42nd.	72.78% Ranked 26th. 8% more than Australia
Unemployment > Youth female > % of female labor force ages 15-24	10% Ranked 44th.	10.6% Ranked 41st. 6% more than Australia
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 40-44	87.46% Ranked 66th.	89.81% Ranked 45th. 3% more than Australia
Economic activity > Women aged 50-54	63.81% Ranked 74th.	71.91% Ranked 52nd. 13% more than Australia
Economic activity > Women aged 55-59	38.11% Ranked 90th.	49.78% Ranked 66th. 31% more than Australia
Unemployment with secondary education > Male > % of male unemployment	31.8% Ranked 28th. 5% more than Canada	30.2% Ranked 46th.
Net income from abroad > Current LCU per million	-1,894,187,871.414 Ranked 103th.	0.0 Ranked 36th.
Long term unemployment > Share	21.5% Ranked 22nd. 2 times more than Canada	9.5% Ranked 25th.
Steel industry jobs per million	1.27 thousand jobs Ranked 8th.	1.82 thousand jobs Ranked 3rd. 44% more than Australia
Economic activity > Men aged 30-34	94.65% Ranked 157th. 1% more than Canada	93.91% Ranked 162nd.
Economic activity > Women aged 15-19	52.67% Ranked 34th. 11% more than Canada	47.65% Ranked 45th.
Employment > Part-time employment > Incidence of part-time employment	24.09% Ranked 3rd. 33% more than Canada	18.1% Ranked 10th.
Employment > Employment share by sector > Services > Women > Aged above 14	87.9% Ranked 11th. The same as Canada	87.9% Ranked 10th.
Unemployment > Youth unemployment, female	10.8% Ranked 55th.	12.3% Ranked 52nd. 14% more than Australia
Employment > Working more than 40 hours per week > Women > Aged above 14	31.6% Ranked 20th.	36.3% Ranked 19th. 15% more than Australia
GNI > Current LCU per capita	63,114.36 Ranked 84th. 21% more than Canada	52,177.22 Ranked 91st.
Subsidies and other transfers > % of expense	70.84% Ranked 8th. 2% more than Canada	69.43% Ranked 14th.
Unemployment > Unemployment rates > Unemployment rates > Total per million	0.202% Ranked 18th. 14% more than Canada	0.178% Ranked 21st.
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 50-54	75.3% Ranked 88th.	80.31% Ranked 62nd. 7% more than Australia
Economic activity > Men aged 55-59	71.92% Ranked 148th.	74.04% Ranked 143th. 3% more than Australia
Economic activity > Women aged 25-29	73.5% Ranked 67th.	83.9% Ranked 31st. 14% more than Australia
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male > %	59.8% Ranked 26th. 12% more than Canada	53.3% Ranked 51st.
Employment to population ratio, 15+, female > %	55.7% Ranked 54th.	57.4% Ranked 48th. 3% more than Australia
Economic activity > Both sexes aged 55-59	55.28% Ranked 114th.	61.86% Ranked 85th. 12% more than Australia
Force participation rate > Total > % of total population ages 15-64	74.06% Ranked 50th.	77.7% Ranked 31st. 5% more than Australia
Self-employed, female > % of females employed	8.6% Ranked 63th. 8% more than Canada	8% Ranked 68th.
Self-employed, male > % of males employed	13.3% Ranked 72nd. 34% more than Canada	9.9% Ranked 78th.
Self-employed, total > % of total employed	11.2% Ranked 75th. 24% more than Canada	9% Ranked 80th.
Employment to population ratio, 15+, male > %	68.2% Ranked 96th. 4% more than Canada	65.7% Ranked 112th.
Force participation rate > Male > % of male population ages 15-64	80.75% Ranked 107th.	82.56% Ranked 90th. 2% more than Australia
Wage and salaried workers, total > % of total employed	88.8% Ranked 13th.	91% Ranked 8th. 2% more than Australia
Employees, industry, female > % of female employment	9.4% Ranked 75th.	10.2% Ranked 67th. 9% more than Australia
Employees, industry, male > % of male employment	31.7% Ranked 45th. The same as Canada	31.7% Ranked 46th.

SOURCES: ILO (International Labour Organization). 2002. Key Indicators of the Labour Market 2001-2002. February 2002; International Labour Organisation, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database.; International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files. World Bank World Development Indicators.; World Bank national accounts data; Wikipedia: List of minimum wages by country (Countries) ("Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013" . State.gov . Retrieved 2014-03-04 .); CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011; All CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 18 December 2008; International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database.; World Development Indicators database; Wikipedia: List of minimum wages by country (Countries); Figures are from the OECD. The figures are from EIRO for France, Ireland and Italy; OECD; OECD Health Data 2002 (CD ROM) available year for Australia, Japan = 1998; Denmark = 1995; 1980 figures for Canada and France are interpolated; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Bank national accounts data. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files. World Bank World Development Indicators. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; International Labour Organisation, using World Bank population estimates.; United Nations Statistics Division Original html; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; calculated on the basis of occupational data from ILO (International Labour Organization). 2002. Laboursta Database. February 2002; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; OECD Country statistical profiles 2009; OECD Historical Statistics; calculated on the basis of data on the economically active population and total population from ILO (International Labour Organization). 2002. Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, 4th ed., rev. 2. Database. Geneva; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division Original html; Economic activity rate and economically active population, by sex, thirteen age groups, 1950-2010 (ILO estimates and projections) are data from the International Labour Union (ILO). Source details: ILO, Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, fourth edition, diskette database (Geneva, 1997). The latest set of estimates and projections covering the period 1950-2010 (4th edition) was released by ILO in December 1996. These data are updated every five-ten years by ILO and a new set of these data is in preparation; OECD; ILO, Key Indicators; calculated on the basis of data on male and female unemployment rates from OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2001. Employment Outlook 2001. Paris; http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=GenderStat&f=inID%3a109, Part-time employment rate; World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/).; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2001. Employment Outlook. Paris; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Jeanne A. Batalova and Philip N. Cohen, 'Premarital Cohabitation and Housework: Couples in Cross-National Perspective', Journal of Marriage and Family 64, August 2002, p.748; OECD Country statistical profiles 2009. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Harvey, Andrew S. 1995 ?Market and Non-Market Productive Activity in Less Developed and Developing Countries: Lessons from Time Use.? Background Paper for Human Development Report 1995. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, Goldshmidt-Clermont, Luisella, and Elisabetta Pagnossin Aligisakis. 1995. ?Measures of Unrecorded Economic Activities in Fourteen Countries.? Background paper for Human Development Report; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; International Metalworkers' Federation, The Purchasing Power of Working Time 2002: An International Comparison of Average Net Hourly Earnings 2001 (International Metalworkers' Federation, Geneva, 2002); OECD Employment Outlook 2002, p.74; OECD, Employment Outlook 2002; OECD; World Bank staff estimates; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=GenderStat&f=inID%3a118, Percent working less than 20 hrs/week; http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=GenderStat&f=inID%3a118, Percent working less than 20 hrs/week; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; World Bank national accounts data. GDP figures sourced from World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, and World Bank and OECD GDP estimates. World Bank World Development Indicators.; http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=40+hrs%2fweek&d=GenderStat&f=inID%3a119, Percent working more than 40 hrs/week.; Wikipedia: List of countries by employment rate; Annex to GECD Society at a Glance 2002; World Development Indicators database. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; International Iron and Steel Institute 2006 report; International Iron and Steel Institute 2006 report. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables

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