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Crime Stats: compare key data on Brazil & Turkey

Definitions

  • Age of criminal responsibility: The age at which a person is no longer excluded from criminal liability.  The lowest age is indicated for countries where there isn’t a single age limit, for example where different states have different regulations (such as the USA) or there is different limits for boy and girls (such as in Iran). The spectrum is specifically wide for the USA and Mexico (both 6-12 years). Several US states do not stipulate any minimal age for criminal responsibility at all. For further qualifications, exceptions and other notes, please refer to notes.
  • Believes crime increasing in the past 3 years: Crime increasing in the past 3 years. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "In the past three years would you say the level of crime in your community has increased, stayed about the same, or decreased?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Crime levels: Level of crime. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "How serious you feel the level of crime is?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Drugs > Annual cannabis use: Estimate of percentage of 15-64 year old population who use Cannabis.
  • Drugs > Opiates use: Annual prevalence.
  • Fear of crime > Feels safe walking alone > At night: Safety walking alone during night. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "How safe do you feel walking alone in this city during the night?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Fear of crime > Violent hate crime: Worries being subject to a physical attack because of your skin colour, ethnic origin or religion. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How worried are you about)......being subject to a physical attack because of your skin colour, ethnic origin or religion?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Justice system > Punishment > Capital punishment (last execution year): Year of last use.
  • Murder rate: Homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants in various countries.
  • Suicide rates > Suicide rate (both sexes): Suicides per 100’000 residents per year.
  • Violent crime > Gun crime > Guns per 100 residents: Number of privately owned small firearms per 100 residents.
  • Violent crime > Murder rate: Intentional homicide, number and rate per 100,000 population.
  • Violent crime > Murder rate per million people: Intentional homicide, number and rate per 100,000 population. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
  • Violent crime > Murders: Intentional homicide, number and rate per 100,000 population.
  • Violent crime > Murders per million people: Intentional homicide, number and rate per 100,000 population. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
  • Murders > Per 100,000 people: Intentional homicide rate is the estimate of intentional homicides in a country as a result of domestic disputes that end in a killing, interpersonal violence, violent conflicts over land resources, inter-gang violence over turf or control, and predatory violence and killing by armed groups. The term, intentional homicide, is broad, but it does not include all intentional killing. In particular, deaths arising from armed conflict are usually considered separately. The difference is usually described by the organisation of the killing. Individuals or small groups usually commit homicide, whereas the killing in armed conflict is usually committed by more or less cohesive groups of up to several hundred members. Two main sources of data are presented: criminal justice (law enforcement) measures (this series), supplemented by data from national statistical agencies, and measures from public health sources (see other intentional homicide series). These various sources measure slightly different phenomena and are therefore unlikely to provide identical numbers."
  • Prisoners: Total persons incarcerated
  • Punishment > Maximum length of sentence: Maximum length of sentence (under life).

    No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.

  • Perceived problems > Problem violent crimes including assault and armed robbery: Problem violent crimes such as assault and armed robbery. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How much of a problem are...) violent crimes such as assault and armed robbery?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Murders > WHO: Intentional homicide rate is the estimate of intentional homicides in a country as a result of domestic disputes that end in a killing, interpersonal violence, violent conflicts over land resources, inter-gang violence over turf or control, and predatory violence and killing by armed groups. The term, intentional homicide, is broad, but it does not include all intentional killing. In particular, deaths arising from armed conflict are usually considered separately. The difference is usually described by the organisation of the killing. Individuals or small groups usually commit homicide, whereas the killing in armed conflict is usually committed by more or less cohesive groups of up to several hundred members. Two main sources of data are presented: criminal justice (law enforcement) measures (this series), supplemented by data from national statistical agencies, and measures from public health sources (see other intentional homicide series). These various sources measure slightly different phenomena and are therefore unlikely to provide identical numbers."
  • Fear of crime > Feels safe walking alone > During the day: Safety walking alone during daylight. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "How safe do you feel walking alone in this city during the daylight?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Prisoners > Per capita: Data for 2003. Number of prisoners held per 100,000 population.
  • Punishment > Crimes possibly attracting life sentence: Possible other sentence.

    No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.

  • Fear of crime > Worries about being attacked: Worries attacked. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How worried are you about)......being physically attacked by strangers?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Software piracy rate: The piracy rate is the total number of units of pirated software deployed in 2007 divided by the total units of software installed.
  • Perceived problems > Property crimes including vandalism and theft: Problem property crimes such as vandalism and theft. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How much of a problem are...) property crimes such as vandalism and theft?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Perceived problems > Illegal drugs: Problem people using or dealing drugs. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How much of a problem are...) people using or dealing drugs?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Perceived problems > Problem corruption and bribery: Problem corruption and bribery. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How much of a problem are...) corruption and bribery?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Punishment > Minimum life sentence to serve before eligibility for requesting parole: Minimum to serve before eligibility for requesting parole.

    No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.

  • Fear of crime > Worries about being insulted: Worries being insulted. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How worried are you about)......being insulted or pestered by anybody, while in the street or any other public place?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Fear of crime > Worries about being mugged or robbed: Worries being mugged or robbed. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How worried are you about)......being mugged and robbed?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Illicit drugs: Crime statistics are often better indicators of prevalence of law enforcement and willingness to report crime, than actual prevalence.
  • Prisoners per 1000: Total persons incarcerated. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Punishment > Crimes requiring mandatory sentence: Mandatory sentence.

    No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.

  • Fear of crime > Worries about home break and enter: Worries home broken and things stolen. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "How worried are you about....having your home broken into and something stolen?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Drugs > HIV testing amongst drug users: Estimated percentage of injecting drug users who have been tested for HIV.
  • Prisoners > Female: Female prisoners, expressed as a percentage share of the total prison population. Data for 2003.
  • Punishment > Life sentence under the age of 18 or 21: Under age of 18 (or 21).

    No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.

  • Drugs > HIV infections amongst drug users: Percentage of injecting drug users who are HIV positive.
  • Punishment > Has life imprisonment: Life imprisonment.

    No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.

  • Fear of crime > Worries about things from car being stolen: Worries things from car stolen. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How worried are you about)......having things stolen from your car?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Punishment > Has indefinite sentence: Indefinite sentence (excl. preventive or psychiatric detainment).

    No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.

  • Fear of crime > Worries about car being stolen: Worries car stolen. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How worried are you about)......having your car stolen?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Prisoners > Foreign prisoners: Prisoners who are foreign nationals, expressed as a percentage share of total prison population. Data for 2003.
  • Prisoners > Share of prison capacity filled: The percentage of the offical prison capacity filled. This is obtained by comparing the number of prisoners in a nation to the offical capacity of the nation's prison system. Data for 2003.
  • Prisoners > Pre-trial detainees: The percentage of the prison population that is being held pre-trial / on remand. Data for 2003.
  • Unpaid diplomatic parking fines: Average Unpaid Annual New York City Parking Violations per Diplomat, 11/1997 to 11/2002.
  • Unpaid diplomatic parking fines per million: Average Unpaid Annual New York City Parking Violations per Diplomat, 11/1997 to 11/2002. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Corruption > % of managers surveyed ranking this as a major business constraint: Corruption measures the share of senior managers who ranked corruption as a major or very severe constraint.
  • Property crime > Losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism, and arson > % sales: Losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism, and arson (% sales). Losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism, and arson are the estimated losses from those causes that occurred on establishments' premises as a percentage of annual sales.
  • Courts > % of managers surveyed ranking this as a major business constraint: Courts measure the share of senior managers who ranked courts and dispute resolution systems as a major or very severe constraint.
  • % of managers surveyed ranking this as a major business constraint: Crime measures the share of senior managers who ranked crime, theft, and disorder as a major or very severe constraint.
  • Courts > % of managers surveyed lacking confidence in courts to uphold property rights: Lack confidence that courts uphold property rights is the share of senior managers who do not agree with the statement: “I am confident that the judicial system will enforce my contractual and property rights in business disputes.”
STAT Brazil Turkey HISTORY
Age of criminal responsibility 18
Ranked 2nd. 50% more than Turkey
12
Ranked 32nd.
Believes crime increasing in the past 3 years 74.9
Ranked 20th. 38% more than Turkey
54.13
Ranked 73th.
Crime levels 78.04
Ranked 10th. 2 times more than Turkey
35.81
Ranked 61st.
Drugs > Annual cannabis use 2.6%
Ranked 10th. 37% more than Turkey
1.9%
Ranked 8th.
Drugs > Opiates use 0.6%
Ranked 4th. 12 times more than Turkey
0.05%
Ranked 13th.
Fear of crime > Feels safe walking alone > At night 14.86
Ranked 86th.
55.91
Ranked 39th. 4 times more than Brazil
Fear of crime > Violent hate crime 23.57
Ranked 59th.
25.45
Ranked 56th. 8% more than Brazil
Justice system > Punishment > Capital punishment (last execution year) 1,876
Ranked 30th.
1,984
Ranked 14th. 6% more than Brazil
Murder rate 22 3.8
Suicide rates > Suicide rate (both sexes) 4.8
Ranked 10th. 33% more than Turkey
3.62
Ranked 10th.
Violent crime > Gun crime > Guns per 100 residents 8
Ranked 72nd.
12.5
Ranked 51st. 56% more than Brazil
Violent crime > Murder rate 40,974
Ranked 1st. 18 times more than Turkey
2,320
Ranked 38th.

Violent crime > Murder rate per million people 209.9
Ranked 19th. 6 times more than Turkey
32.97
Ranked 107th.

Violent crime > Murders 40,974
Ranked 1st. 18 times more than Turkey
2,320
Ranked 38th.

Violent crime > Murders per million people 209.9
Ranked 19th. 6 times more than Turkey
32.97
Ranked 107th.

Murders > Per 100,000 people 30.8
Ranked 10th. 4 times more than Turkey
6.9
Ranked 59th.
Prisoners 308,304 prisoners
Ranked 5th. 5 times more than Turkey
64,051 prisoners
Ranked 20th.
Punishment > Maximum length of sentence 30 years None
Perceived problems > Problem violent crimes including assault and armed robbery 80.14
Ranked 8th. 3 times more than Turkey
28.6
Ranked 64th.
Murders > WHO 26.2
Ranked 16th. 9 times more than Turkey
2.9
Ranked 113th.
Fear of crime > Feels safe walking alone > During the day 47.36
Ranked 84th.
79.91
Ranked 46th. 69% more than Brazil

United States extradition treaties > Entered into force December 17, 1964<br>December 17, 1964 January 1, 1981
Prisoners > Per capita 169 per 100,000 people
Ranked 49th. 84% more than Turkey
92 per 100,000 people
Ranked 99th.
Punishment > Crimes possibly attracting life sentence No life imprisonment sentence Sexual offences, military and political crimes
Fear of crime > Worries about being attacked 59.69
Ranked 15th. 57% more than Turkey
38.06
Ranked 56th.
Software piracy rate 59%
Ranked 57th.
65%
Ranked 50th. 10% more than Brazil
Perceived problems > Property crimes including vandalism and theft 75.71
Ranked 9th. 94% more than Turkey
38.99
Ranked 72nd.
Perceived problems > Illegal drugs 76.18
Ranked 6th. 3 times more than Turkey
29.73
Ranked 74th.
Perceived problems > Problem corruption and bribery 86.31
Ranked 21st. 53% more than Turkey
56.58
Ranked 60th.
Punishment > Minimum life sentence to serve before eligibility for requesting parole Varies, depending on sentence Life imprisonment: 24 years (30 if organized crime), Multiple life imprisonments: 30 years (34 if organized crime), Aggravated life imprisonment: 30 years (36 if organized crime), Multiple aggravated life imprisonments: 36 years (40 if organized crime), or never (aggravated life imprisonment for terrorism)
Fear of crime > Worries about being insulted 43.9
Ranked 34th. 5% more than Turkey
41.9
Ranked 41st.
Fear of crime > Worries about being mugged or robbed 76.95
Ranked 9th. 98% more than Turkey
38.86
Ranked 54th.
Illicit drugs second-largest consumer of cocaine in the world; illicit producer of cannabis; trace amounts of coca cultivation in the Amazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has a large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine headed for Europe; also used by traffickers as a way station for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market for Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics proceeds earned in Brazil are often laundered through the financial system; significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and, to a lesser extent, the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin exist in remote regions of Turkey and near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and over output of poppy straw concentrate; lax enforcement of money-laundering controls
Prisoners per 1000 1.72 prisoners
Ranked 51st. 74% more than Turkey
0.985 prisoners
Ranked 91st.
Punishment > Crimes requiring mandatory sentence No life imprisonment sentence Murder with special cirucumstances, treason, terrorism
Fear of crime > Worries about home break and enter 55.36
Ranked 25th. 26% more than Turkey
43.86
Ranked 51st.
Drugs > HIV testing amongst drug users 15%
Ranked 49th. 88% more than Turkey
8%
Ranked 36th.
Prisoners > Female 4.1%
Ranked 67th. 11% more than Turkey
3.7%
Ranked 77th.
Punishment > Life sentence under the age of 18 or 21 ?? Maximum 24 years
Drugs > HIV infections amongst drug users 5.92%
Ranked 37th. 4 times more than Turkey
1.5%
Ranked 37th.
Punishment > Has life imprisonment No (except in wartime) Yes
Fear of crime > Worries about things from car being stolen 74.79
Ranked 12th. 67% more than Turkey
44.91
Ranked 61st.
Punishment > Has indefinite sentence No Yes
Fear of crime > Worries about car being stolen 72.3
Ranked 7th. 2 times more than Turkey
34.03
Ranked 56th.
Prisoners > Foreign prisoners 0.4%
Ranked 79th.
1.7%
Ranked 59th. 4 times more than Brazil
Prisoners > Share of prison capacity filled 133.8%
Ranked 49th. 47% more than Turkey
91.1%
Ranked 103th.
Prisoners > Pre-trial detainees 28.1%
Ranked 81st.
51%
Ranked 34th. 81% more than Brazil
Unpaid diplomatic parking fines 29.9
Ranked 29th.
0.0
Ranked 140th.
United States extradition treaties > Date signed January 13, 1961<br>June 18, 1962 June 7, 1979
Unpaid diplomatic parking fines per million 0.167
Ranked 101st.
0.0
Ranked 138th.
Corruption > % of managers surveyed ranking this as a major business constraint 66.91%
Ranked 3rd. 4 times more than Turkey
16.73%
Ranked 16th.
Property crime > Losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism, and arson > % sales 1.7%
Ranked 12th. 4 times more than Turkey
0.4%
Ranked 7th.

Courts > % of managers surveyed ranking this as a major business constraint 32.54%
Ranked 3rd. 27% more than Turkey
25.54%
Ranked 5th.
% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major business constraint 52.04%
Ranked 4th. 3 times more than Turkey
18.17%
Ranked 8th.
Courts > % of managers surveyed lacking confidence in courts to uphold property rights 39.61%
Ranked 10th. 39% more than Turkey
28.47%
Ranked 30th.

SOURCES: Wikipedia: Defense of infancy (Ages of criminal responsibility by country); crime; https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2011/World_Drug_Report_2011_ebook.pdf, World Drug Report 2011, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 2011, p. 217.; Wikipedia: List of countries by prevalence of opiates use ("World Drug Report 2011" . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2011. "World Drug Report 2006" . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2006. http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2009/WDR2009_eng_web.pdf); Wikipedia: Capital punishment in Europe (Abolition); Wikipedia: List of countries by suicide rate (Suicide rates per 100,000 by country, year and sex (Table) ); Annexe I of the Small Arms Survey 2007 ; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Source tables; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; UN Office on Drugs and Crime, UN Survey of Crime Trends, at http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/IHS-rates-05012009.pdf.; The Eighth United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2002) (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Centre for International Crime Prevention); Wikipedia: Life imprisonment (Summary by country); World Health Organisation.; Wikipedia: List of United States extradition treaties; International Centre for Prison Studies - World Prison Brief; Fifth Annual BSA and IDC Global Software Piracy Study; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011; The Eighth United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2002) (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Centre for International Crime Prevention). Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Source tables; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Source tables; Cultures of Corruption: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking Tickets Ray Fisman Edward Miguel Columbia University and NBER University of California, Berkeley and NBER 2006; Cultures of Corruption: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking Tickets Ray Fisman Edward Miguel Columbia University and NBER University of California, Berkeley and NBER 2006. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Development Indicators database; World Bank, Enterprise Surveys

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